A comparative study on the construction mechanism of urban public space in modern Shanghai and Yokohama

In the 19th century, after experienced the " open port " and " port opening ", Shanghai and Yokohama opened to the world, became the important ports for Europe and the United States in East Asia. In the view of different historical geography, background and management, Shanghai and Yokohama show different development processes and characteristics. On the basis of briefing the modern urban and social background of Shanghai and Yokohama, this paper analyses the similarities and differences from the aspects of urban forms, architecture scene, park space, based on these, try to conclude the reasons from the system policy, concept cognition, and the management feedback, supposes to place the studies in a broader perspective, understands the construction mechanism of the Modern East Asian cities

Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/ citizen science collaboration

Background: The Y-chromosome haplogroup Q has three major branches: Q1, Q2, and Q3. Q1 is found in both Asia and the Americas where it accounts for about 90% of indigenous Native American Y-chromosomes; Q2 is found in North and Central Asia; but little is known about the third branch, Q3, also named Q1b-L275. Here, we combined the efforts of population geneticists and genetic genealogists to use the potential of full Y-chromosome sequencing for reconstructing haplogroup Q3 phylogeography and suggest possible linkages to events in population history. Results: We analyzed 47 fully sequenced Y-chromosomes and reconstructed the haplogroup Q3 phylogenetic tree in detail. Haplogroup Q3-L275, derived from the oldest known split within Eurasian/American haplogroup Q, most likely occurred in West or Central Asia in the Upper Paleolithic period. During the Mesolithic and Neolithic epochs, Q3 remained a minor component of the West Asian Y-chromosome pool and gave rise to five branches (Q3a to Q3e), which spread across West, Central and parts of South Asia. Around 3–4 millennia ago (Bronze Age), the Q3a branch underwent a rapid expansion, splitting into seven branches, some of which entered Europe. One of these branches, Q3a1, was acquired by a population ancestral to Ashkenazi Jews and grew within this population during the 1st millennium AD, reaching up to 5% in present day Ashkenazi. Conclusions: This study dataset was generated by a massive Y-chromosome genotyping effort in the genetic genealogy community, and phylogeographic patterns were revealed by a collaboration of population geneticists and genetic genealogists. This positive experience of collaboration between academic and citizen science provides a model for further joint projects. Merging data and skills of academic and citizen science promises to combine, respectively, quality and quantity, generalization and specialization, and achieve a well-balanced and careful interpretation of the paternal-side history of human populations

A társadalmak környezeti sebezhetősége, ellenálló- és alkalmazkodó képessége:a korai történelmi példáktól a sérülékenység globalizációjáig (Environmental vulnerability, resilience and adaptation capacities of societies: their historical examples and globalization)

Detailed phylogenetic tree of the haplogroup Q3-L275. 47 Q3-L275 samples and 1 Q1a-M346 outgroup. Constructed with the Phylomurka software using MP criteria, from the alignment obtained with read depth > = 2, base quality > = 15 and mapping quality > = 10, call rate = 60%. (XLSX 279 kb

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration

Genotypes of the individual samples. (XLSX 36 kb

Additional file 11: Table S7. of Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration

Phylogenetic tree of the haplogroup Q3-L275 based on samples sequenced by one particular technology (Big Y). (XLSX 119 kb

Additional file 7: Table S5. of Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration

The dataset of Y-chromosome SNPs observed in the haplogroup Q3-L275 samples sequenced in this study. (XLSX 365 kb

Additional file 2: Table S1. of Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration

Detailed phylogenetic tree of the haplogroup Q3-L275. 47 Q3-L275 samples and 1 Q1a-M346 outgroup. Constructed with the Phylomurka software using MP criteria, from the alignment obtained with read depth > = 2, base quality > = 15 and mapping quality > = 10, call rate = 60%. (XLSX 279 kb

Additional file 4: Data S1. of Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration

VCF and BED files for the sequenced Y-chromosomes. (RAR 12315 kb