Host-guest interaction in P2P accommodation under the epidemic: Motivations, behavior and influences

The epidemic has reshaped tourists demands and changed the way they interact with others. Using qualitative grounded theory, from the perspective of tourists, this study developed a framework to further illustrate the driving factors, other external factors, the new content of the interaction between the hosts and the guests, and the outcomes of such interaction in the context of epidemic. The result shows that exploring meaningful interpersonal relationship and releasing depression and anxiety are the driving factors for guests to engage in face-to-face interactions. Furthermore, guests’ perceived hygienic attributes of P2P accommodation during the stay influenced them infection risk perceptions. Guests with high-risk perceptions preferring to contactless or without interaction with the host, those with lower risk perceptions choosing to face-to-face interaction. The face-to-face and contactless interaction will enhance guests’ psychological capital and lead to tourist citizenship behaviors. The theoretical and practical implications were discussed as well

Justifying a privacy guardian in discourse and behaviour : the People’s Republic of China’s strategic framing in data governance

The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) approach to data governance, centred on data sovereignty, is much debated in academic literature. However, it remains unclear how the PRC’s different state actors justify this approach. Based on an analysis of the discourse and behaviour of the PRC’s state actors through strategic framing theory, their role as a privacy guardian can arguably be described as strategically constructed. The Chinese government and legislative bodies have tailored their communications to present themselves as champions of individual privacy, aiming to secure support for state policies. This strategic framing encompasses four mechanisms: the reframing of privacy threats through political narratives; legal ambiguities; selective framing; and the implementation of censorship to influence public discourse. An examination of how the Chinese government responded differently to data breaches in the cases of Didi and the Shanghai National Police Database leak highlights the Chinese government’s efforts in maintaining framing consistency to construct itself as a guardian, rather than a violator, of individual privacy.Peer reviewe

Evaluating the implementation of Payment by Results in mental health services: a case study of Nottingham

The aim of this study is to evaluate the implementation of the Payment by Results (PbR) policy in mental health in England through the identification of the driving factors that have caused the delayed implementation of the system. Payment by Results, the English version of Diagnosis Related Groups, is a prospective payment system under which the nationally-fixed prices are set against the clinically-classified groups in which patients share similar health care needs. First introduced in acute services in 2003/04, PbR was expected to control healthcare costs, increase providers’ efficiency and improve the quality of service delivery in the market-based healthcare system. An expansion of PbR to mental health was initially planned to come into effect by 2013, but at the time of writing (October 2015) it had yet to become the definitive framework of funding for the NHS secondary mental health services. In light of the debate on the feasibility of implementing this policy in mental health, this study has adopted a mixed-methods approach to conduct a three-stage analysis of the PbR policy. Firstly, through the theoretical analysis of the initiation of the PbR policy, this study has revealed that the policy was poorly initiated due to the mismatches between the market theory and public services in the current context. Secondly, through the investigation of the design of PbR, this study has argued that the policy was poorly formulated due to the conceptual and the constructional drawbacks of the Mental Health Clustering Tool (MHCT) classification system as well as the inappropriateness of applying the “standardisation-to the-average” principle to the cost calculation. In the fieldwork stage, this study has carried out 12 semi-structured interviews and online surveys to explore the implementation phase of the policy-making process. The divergent, and even conflicting perspectives obtained among the three interest groups have pointed to the fact that the policy was poorly executed, and it suffered from “bad luck” (Hogwood and Gunn, 1984) as a result from the political context of austerity. Through the comparison of the implementation of PbR in mental health with that in acute services this study has highlighted the importance of the external context to the success of any policy. It has also argued that one size does not fit all systems since the PbR payment system may be able to serve the purposes in acute services, but it does not fit mental health services. In this respect, this study reminds policymakers to consider the potential trade-offs between the political objectives and the inevitable consequences. As a policy evaluation, based on the experiences drawn from the failure of implementing PbR in mental health, this study has suggested that policy should be consistent, and policy should be tested prior to full implementation