Slow cooling and efficient extraction of C-exciton hot carriers in MoS2 monolayer

In emerging optoelectronic applications, such as water photolysis, exciton fission and novel photovoltaics involving low-dimensional nanomaterials, hot-carrier relaxation and extraction mechanisms play an indispensable and intriguing role in their photo-electron conversion processes. Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted much attention in above fields recently; however, insight into the relaxation mechanism of hot electron-hole pairs in the band nesting region denoted as C-excitons, remains elusive. Using MoS2 monolayers as a model two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide system, here we report a slower hot-carrier cooling for C-excitons, in comparison with band-edge excitons. We deduce that this effect arises from the favourable band alignment and transient excited-state Coulomb environment, rather than solely on quantum confinement in two-dimension systems. We identify the screening-sensitive bandgap renormalization for MoS2 monolayer/graphene heterostructures, and confirm the initial hot-carrier extraction for the C-exciton state with an unprecedented efficiency of 80%, accompanied by a twofold reduction in the exciton binding energy

Enhancing Safe Exploration Using Safety State Augmentation

Safe exploration is a challenging and important problem in model-free reinforcement learning (RL). Often the safety cost is sparse and unknown, which unavoidably leads to constraint violations - a phenomenon ideally to be avoided in safety-critical applications. We tackle this problem by augmenting the state-space with a safety state, which is nonnegative if and only if the constraint is satisfied. The value of this state also serves as a distance toward constraint violation, while its initial value indicates the available safety budget. This idea allows us to derive policies for scheduling the safety budget during training. We call our approach Simmer (Safe policy IMproveMEnt for RL) to reflect the careful nature of these schedules. We apply this idea to two safe RL problems: RL with constraints imposed on an average cost, and RL with constraints imposed on a cost with probability one. Our experiments suggest that “simmering” a safe algorithm can improve safety during training for both settings. We further show that Simmer can stabilize training and improve the performance of safe RL with average constraints

Phase diagram and spin-glass phenomena in electron-doped La1-xHfxMnO3 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) manganite oxides

The effects of tetravalent hafnium doping on the structural, transport, and magnetic properties of polycrystalline La1−xHfxMnO3 (LHMO) (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) were investigated systematically. LHMO exhibited a typical colossal magnetoresistance effect via the double-exchange between Mn2+ and Mn3+ ions, instead of that between Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions in hole-doped manganites. A phase diagram was obtained for the first time through magnetization and resistance measurements in a broad temperature range. As the Hf concentration varied from x = 0.05 to 0.3, the Curie point and metal-to-insulator transition temperature increased significantly, whereas the magnetization and resistivity decreased remarkably. An abnormal enhancement of the magnetization was observed at about 42 K. It was further confirmed that a second magnetic phase MnO2 in LHMO gives rise to such a phenomenon. The possible causes are discussed in detail. The dynamic magnetic properties of LHMO, including relaxation and aging processes, were studied, demonstrating a spin-glass state at low temperature accompanied by a ferromagnetic phase.published_or_final_versio

Magnetic field mediated low-temperature resistivity upturn in electron-doped La1-xHfxMnO3 manganite oxides

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A simple method for estimating the convectiondispersion equation parameters of solute transport in agricultural ecosystem

The convection-dispersion equation (CDE) is the classical approach for modeling solute transport in porous media. So, estimating parameters became a key problem in CDE. For statistical method, some problems such as parameter uniqueness are still unsolved because of more factors. Due to the advantage of clear physical concept and unique parameter values, the simple deterministic method became very useful alternatives. In this paper, a simple method was proposed to estimate both D and R, and the validity was verified by experiment, which can be applied in agriculture and environmental fields for predicting soil quality property.Key words: Convection-dispersion equation (CDE), parameters estimation, agricultural system

Latitudinal distribution of reactive nitrogen in the free troposphere over the Pacific Ocean in late winter/early spring

The late winter/early spring (February/March, 1994) measurements of Pacific Exploratory Mission-West (PEM-W) B have been analyzed to show latitudinal distributions (45°N to 10°S) of the mixing ratios of reactive nitrogen species (NO, peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN), HNO3, and NOy), ozone, and chemical tracers (CO, NMHCs, acetone, and C2Cl4) with a focus on the upper troposphere. Mixing ratios of all species are relatively low in the warm tropical and subtropical air south of the polar jetstream (≈28°N) but increase sharply with latitude in the cold polar air north of the jetstream. Noteworthy is the continuous increase in reservoir species (PAN and HNO3) and the simultaneous decrease in NOx toward the northern midlatitudes. The Harvard global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry has been used to compare these observations with predictions. In the upper troposphere the magnitude and distribution of measured NOy and PAN as a function of latitude is well represented by this model, while NOx (measured NO + model calculated NO2) is underpredicted, especially in the tropics. Unlike several previous studies, where model-predicted HNO3 exceeded observations by as much as a factor of 10, the present data/model comparison is improved to within a factor of 2. The predicted upper tropospheric HNO3 is generally below or near measured values, and there is little need to invoke particle reactions as a means of removing or recycling HNO3. Comparison between measured NOy and the sum of its three main constituents (PAN + NOx + HNO3) on average show a small mean shortfall (<15%). This shortfall could be attributed to the presence of known but unmeasured species (e.g., peroxynitric acid and alkyl nitrates) as well as to instrument errors. Copyright 1998 by the American Geophysical Union

Meat tenderness and water holding capacity are associated with a 959 A G mutation in the MyoG gene of Chinese indigenous cattle

Myogenin (MyoG) gene has mapped at 25 to 73 cm interval on BTA 16 where several quantitative trait loci for carcass weight and marbling are located. In this study, we determined the associations between gene-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in MyoG gene, to investigate whether this polymorphism affected meat quality characteristics and to evaluate the allelic and genotypic frequencies of six native Chinese cattle breeds. The breeds were Jiaxian red (JXR), Luxi (LX), Nan-yang (NY), Qinchuan (QC), Xia-Nan (XN) and Xue long (XL). Our results suggested a transition of A → G at position 959 in exon 1 of the MyoG gene in cattle that caused the substitution (959Serine/959Cysteine). The A959G SNP was significantly associated with water holding capacity and meat tenderness (P < 0.05), while no effect of genotype on back fat thickness, rib area, loin eye height, eye muscle width and marbling was disclosed (P > 0.05). The x2-test revealed that the genotype distributions among the five cattle breeds (JXR, LX, NY, QC and XL) agreed with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05), although, one breed (XN) was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.01). We concluded that, A959G SNP can be used as an efficacious genetic marker for meat quality traits in native Chinese cattle breeds but a much large number of animals are required for Marker assisted selection.Key words: Cattle, genotypic frequencies, myogenin (MyoG) gene, meat quality, single nucleotide polymorphism

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells in oral mucosa tissue engineering: Enhanced migration and proliferation in co-culture with oral keratinocytes in vitro

Tissue-engineered oral mucosa holds a great prospect in urethroplasty and adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) may play an important role in this field. In this research, canine oral keratinocytes (OKs) and ADSCs were harvested and cultured in vitro. The affinity between the two cell lines was evaluated by analyzing their migration and proliferation patterns in a co-culture environment. The results demonstrate that both canine ADSCs and OKs showed improved migration in the presence of the other cell line as a co-culture when compared to monoculture. Further, conditioned medium using the supernatant of one cell line accelerated the other cell line’s proliferation rate. Hence, it was concluded that the affinity between OKs and ADSCs was fitting; the presence of ADSCs accelerated the migration and proliferation of OKs in vitro. These results indicate that it is practical to use ADSCs and OKs to construct a tissue-engineered oral mucosa, since the presence of the former could activate the latter in vitro, maybe even in vivo. This may help to build tissue-engineered oral mucosa, which may be a new method for urethroplasty.Key words: Urethroplasty, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, oral keratinocytes, tissue engineering