Reviewing China’s Unequal Education System Based on Ecological System Theory

This review examines China’s educational system the “two-track system” and rural education challenges through the lens of Bronfenbrenner's Ecology System Theory. Using a theoretical framework to review related literature can support readers in understanding the intricate interplay between societal factors, cultural influences, policy decisions, and specific issues. Therefore, this aims to understand how the ecological environment shapes rural education’s development until today, and the Ecological System Theory is used as a theoretical guidance. To find the potential answer to proposed research questions (RQ): RQ 1. What is the background of rural China and the "two-track system" of education? RQ 2. What is the difference between China's urban education and rural education? RQ 3.  How does the related environment influence China's educational system? By addressing this fundamental issue, a comprehensive review is provided by following the ecology system theory from the macro-system level to the micro-syste

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in wild raptors of Alabama and Georgia, USA

Wild birds inhabit in a wide variety of environments and can travel great distances. Thus, wild birds can possibly spread antimicrobial resistance along the way, and this may represent a potential public health concern. We characterized antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in wild raptors in the southeastern US. Cloacal samples were collected from 118 wild raptors of 17 species from 18 counties in Alabama and 15 counties in Georgia. A total of 112 E. coli and 76 E. faecalis isolates were recovered, and we found significantly more antimicrobial-resistant E. coli (20/112, 18%) than E. faecalis (6/76, 8%; P = 0.05). Five antimicrobial-resistant genes: blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-1, tet(M), cmlA, cat, and gyrA, were identified in antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates. Five of 13 (38%) ampicillin-resistant E. coli harbored both bla-TEM-1 and blaCTX-M-1 genes, indicating they are extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-carrying strains. Both of the tetracycline resistance genes, tet(M) and tet(L), were identified in E. faecalis isolates. Wild raptors seem to be a reservoir host of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and E. faecalis and may represent a hazard to animal and human health by transmission of these isolates

Phase Match for Out-of-Distribution Generalization

The Fourier transform, serving as an explicit decomposition method for visual signals, has been employed to explain the out-of-distribution generalization behaviors of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Previous research and empirical studies have indicated that the amplitude spectrum plays a decisive role in CNN recognition, but it is susceptible to disturbance caused by distribution shifts. On the other hand, the phase spectrum preserves highly-structured spatial information, which is crucial for visual representation learning. In this paper, we aim to clarify the relationships between Domain Generalization (DG) and the frequency components by introducing a Fourier-based structural causal model. Specifically, we interpret the phase spectrum as semi-causal factors and the amplitude spectrum as non-causal factors. Building upon these observations, we propose Phase Match (PhaMa) to address DG problems. Our method introduces perturbations on the amplitude spectrum and establishes spatial relationships to match the phase components. Through experiments on multiple benchmarks, we demonstrate that our proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance in domain generalization and out-of-distribution robustness tasks