Karakteristik Mikrosatelit Gen BoLA dengan Penanda Primer RM 185 pada Sapi Bali (Bos indicus) di Nusa Penida

Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan distribusi frekuensi lokus gen bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) memakai primer RM 185 pada sapi bali dari Nusa Penida. Sebanyak 21 ekor sapi bali yang berasal dari Nusa Penida diambil secara acak. Jumlah alel gen BoLA pada lokus RM 185 ada 7 macam alel yaitu 76 pb, 84 pb, 86 pb, 90 pb, 98 pb, 100 pb, dan 104 pb. Frekuensi tiap- tiap alel yang teramati adalah 0,02%; 0,09%; 0,31%; 0,07%; 0,12%; 0,28%; dan 0,09%. Rata- rata heterozigositas yang didapat adalah 0,804. Dapat disimpulkan, bahwa lokus RM 185 pada gen BoLA sapi bali di Nusa Penida adalah sangat polimorfik di antara populasi

ASOSIASI POLIMORFISME GENETIKA LOKUS DEOXYNUCLEIC ACID (DNA) MIKROSATELIT GEN BOVINE LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN (BoLA) DENGAN KUALITAS SEMEN PADA SAPI BALI

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan informasi dasar mengenai struktur genetika menggunakan marka melokuler DNA mikrosatelit gen bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) dan hubungannya dengan kualitas semen sapi bali. Data diambil dari 8 ekor sapi jantan yang ada di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah (UPTD) Inseminasi Buatan, Baturiti, Tabanan, Bali. Hasil pemeriksaan kualitas sperma menunjukkan bahwa volume semen sapi bali 3,0-6,5 ml, konsentrasi spermatozoa 800-11.000 juta sel/ml, dan persentase spermatozoa motil 70-75%. Hasil penelitian pada sapi bali menunjukkan bahwa ketiga lokus mikrosatelit yang digunakan teramplifikasi pada sapi bali dan jumlah alel pada lokus RM185 dan BM1815 adalah 2 sedangkan jumlah alel pada lokus DRB3 adalah 1. Heterozigositas per lokus berkisar 0-0,533. Nilai PIC per lokus antara 0-0,375. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa ukuran alel pada ketiga mikrosatelit berpotensi sebagai marka molekuler yang berperan terhadap kualitas semen pada sapi bali

Polimorfisme Genetik DNA Mikrosatellite GEN BoLA Lokus DRB3 pada Sapi Bali (Bos indicus)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi dasar mengenai distribusi frekuensi lokus DRB3 gen BoLa (bovine lymphocyte antigen) pada sapi Bali. Untuk isolasi DNA digunakan sampel darah sapi Bali yang diambil dari populasi sapi Bali yang berasal dari Bali dan sapi Bali yang berasal dari Nusa Penida. Jumlah sampel untuk sapi Bali yang berasal dari Bali adalah 22 ekor dan sapi yang berasal dari Nusa Penida 21 ekor. Jumlah allel lokus DRB3 pada sapi Bali asal Bali adalah 7 dan 9 allel dari sapi Bali asal Nusa Penida. Rataan heterozigositas perlokus adalah 0,7967 pada sapi Bali asal Nusa Penida dan 0,7863 pada sapi Bali asal Bali. Nilai PIC lokus DRB3 pada sapi Bali asal Nusa Penida adalah 0,7417 dan 0,742 pada sapi Bali asal Bali. Dapat disimpulkan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah lokus DRB3 pada sapi Bali sangat polimorfik

Acquisition of object-robbing and object/food-bartering behaviours: a culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging long-tailed macaques

Open access article. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) appliesThe token exchange paradigm shows that monkeys and great apes are able to use objects as symbolic tools to request specific food rewards. Such studies provide insights into the cognitive underpinnings of economic behaviour in non-human primates. However, the ecological validity of these laboratory-based experimental situations tends to be limited. Our field research aims to address the need for a more ecologically valid primate model of trading systems in humans. Around the Uluwatu Temple in Bali, Indonesia, a large free-ranging population of long-tailed macaques spontaneously and routinely engage in token-mediated bartering interactions with humans. These interactions occur in two phases: after stealing inedible and more or less valuable objects from humans, the macaques appear to use them as tokens, by returning them to humans in exchange for food. Our field observational and experimental data showed (i) age differences in robbing/bartering success, indicative of experiential learning, and (ii) clear behavioural associations between value-based token possession and quantity or quality of food rewards rejected and accepted by subadult and adult monkeys, suggestive of robbing/bartering payoff maximization and economic decision-making. This population-specific, prevalent, cross-generational, learned and socially influenced practice may be the first example of a culturally maintained token economy in free-ranging animals.Ye

Do monkeys use sex toys? Evidence of stone tool-assisted masturbation in free-ranging long-tailed macaques

Accepted author manuscriptRecent reports on tool use in nonforaging contexts have led researchers to reconsider the proximate drivers of instrumental object manipulation. In this study, we explore the physiological and behavioral correlates of two stone-directed and seemingly playful actions, the repetitive tapping and rubbing of stones onto the genital and inguinal area, respectively, that may have been co-opted into self-directed tool-assisted masturbation in long-tailed macaques (i.e., “Sex Toy” hypothesis). We predicted that genital and inguinal stone-tapping and rubbing would be more closely temporally associated with physiological responses (e.g., estrus in females, penile erection in males) and behavior patterns (e.g., sexual mounts and other mating interactions) that are sexually motivated than other stone-directed play. We also predicted that the stones selected to perform genital and inguinal stone-tapping and rubbing actions would be less variable in number, size, and texture than the stones typically used during other stone-directed playful actions. Overall, our data partly supported the “Sex Toy” hypothesis indicating that stone-directed tapping and rubbing onto the genital and inguinal area are sexually motivated behaviors. Our research suggests that instrumental behaviors of questionably adaptive value may be maintained over evolutionary time through pleasurable/self-rewarding mechanisms, such as those underlying playful and sexual activities

Tubectomy of Pregnant and Non-pregnant Female Balinese Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis) With Post-operative Monitoring

peer reviewedWorldwide, primates, and humans increasingly share habitats and often enter in conflict when primates thrive in human-dominated environments, calling for special management measures. Reproductive control is increasingly used to manage population growth but very few monitoring data are available. Therefore, the efficiency and implications of such programs require a careful examination. In the context of a contraception program in wild female long-tailed macaques in Ubud, Bali, conducted over four successive campaigns between 2017 and 2019, including 140 females (i.e., 41.9% of the reproductive females of the population in 2019), modifications of an endoscopic tubectomy procedure, a permanent sterilization method, clinical evaluation of this method, and the post-operative monitoring results of the neutered females after release are described. This surgical approach was applicable for pregnant females: 28.6% of the treated females were pregnant at the time of the surgery. The procedure used a single lateral port to reach and cauterize both oviducts in non-pregnant as well as in early to mid-term pregnant females. Pregnant females nearer to term required a second lateral port to access both oviducts masked by the size of the gravid uterus. Moreover, bipolar thermocauterization was utilized successfully without resection to realize the tubectomy. The average duration of the laparoscopic surgery was 14 min for non-pregnant females and 22 min for pregnant females. Animals were released 3 h 22 min in average following their capture. This short holding time, recommended for free-ranging primates, was made possible by the minimal invasiveness of the sterilization approach. A laparoscopic post-operative evaluation conducted on two patients during the following campaign confirmed that the oviducts were definitely disrupted and no longer patent. Moreover, no new pregnancies in sterilized females were recorded during the 3-year observation period. The survival rate of the treated females 6 months after sterilization was high (96.3%) with no major post-operative complications clinically recorded. Among females that were pregnant during surgery, 81.1% were confirmed to experience term delivery. This study demonstrates the safety and efficiency of endoscopic tubectomy, even for pregnant females, as a mean of wild macaques' population control

First survey on seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali, Indonesia

peer reviewedBackground and Aim: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic infectious inflammatory brain disease caused by the JE virus (JEV). Considerable research into the seroprevalence of JE in domestic animals has been conducted, but there have been no reports of its occurrence in wild animals, including long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of JEV infection and its determinants in long-tailed macaques in Bali and the prevalence of mosquito vectors. Materials and Methods: Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from a population of M. fascicularis (92 heads) inhabiting a small forest with irrigated rice field nearby (wetland area) in Ubud, Gianyar, and from two populations in dryland areas with no wet rice field (Uluwatu, Badung, and Nusa Penida, Bali Province, Indonesia). The collected sera were tested for antibodies against JEV using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (qualitative monkey JE Immunoglobulin G antibody kit). The seropositivity of the antibodies was then compared based on different variables, namely, habitat type, age, and sex. Results: The seroprevalence of the JEV antibodies in all the samples tested was found to be 41.3%. The seropositivity of the monkey serum samples collected from the wetland area was 46.4%, which was higher than the seropositivity of the sera samples collected from the dried field areas (1.25%). Monkey sera collected from the wetland areas were 6.1 times (odds ratio [OR]: 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-51.5, p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive compared to the monkey sera collected from the dried field areas. Meanwhile, female monkeys were 1.79 times (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.76-4.21; p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive to JEV than males. Similarly, juvenile monkeys were 2.38 times (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 0.98-5.79); p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive against the JEV than adult monkeys. However, none of these differences achieved statistical significance. Regarding the JEV mosquito vector collection, more Culex mosquitoes were found in the samples from the wetland areas than from the dried field areas. Conclusion: The study confirms the existence of JEV infection in long-tailed macaques in Bali. There were patterned seropositivity differences based on habitat, age, and sex of the monkeys, but these were not significant. The possibility of monkeys as a JEV reservoir and the presence of the mosquitoes as the JEV vector are suggested but require more study to confirm

Diverse Contexts of Zoonotic Transmission of Simian Foamy Viruses in Asia

In Asia, contact between persons and nonhuman primates is widespread in multiple occupational and nonoccupational contexts. Simian foamy viruses (SFVs) are retroviruses that are prevalent in all species of nonhuman primates. To determine SFV prevalence in humans, we tested 305 persons who lived or worked around nonhuman primates in several South and Southeast Asian countries; 8 (2.6%) were confirmed SFV positive by Western blot and, for some, by PCR. The interspecies interactions that likely resulted in virus transmission were diverse; 5 macaque taxa were implicated as the source of infection. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SFV from 3 infected persons was similar to that from the nonhuman primate populations with which the infected persons reported contact. Thus, SFV infections are likely to be prevalent among persons who live or work near nonhuman primates in Asia

Response of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) to variations in anthropic factors in a rural environment, Bali (Indonesia)

The human-macaque interface in Asia is increasingly the focus of numerous studies raising the issue of conflict over space and resources and searching for efficient management strategies. Documenting impacts of interactions with humans and the variations in macaques’ responses to anthropogenic habitats is essential for undertanding adaptation strategies and possibilities of a sustainable coexistence. The long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is a very successful commensal species that adapts remarkably well to rural and urban landscapes. In some locations of Bali (Indonesia), this species, which has coexisted with humans for centuries, is used today to promote wildlife-based tourism, often characterized by an intense food provisioning. Here, we present data of a commensal M. fascicularis population in Bali (Uluwatu Temple), particularly well-habituated to human presence and provisioned daily. We analyze the impacts of the daily variations of three anthropogenic factors (microhabitat – human presence degree – food provisioning quantity) on the daily activity, ranging and dietary patterns. We used a focal and scan sampling methodology during a four-month study period between June and October 2010. Four groups constituted this population and their home ranges were particularly small, ranging from 2.4 to 5.6 ha. The eco-behavioural patterns were strongly and consistently influenced by variations in the anthropic factors. Typically, with a high anthropic level (defined as increasing degrees of each anthropogenic factor), macaques spent less time foraging and moving and more time feeding, resting and socializing. Contrary to previous studies on other primate species, we did not find any impact of provisioning on agonistic interactions. 55% of this population’s diet consisted of human foods, while the remainder (45%) of natural foods. Natural food items were preferentially consumed when anthropic level was low, emphasizing the opportunistic style of the diet. In summary, the eco-behavioural modifications induced by variations in anthropic levels did not increase the daily costs of living, confirming the flexibility and the efficiency of the macaques’ responses. However, we also illustrate in another study site (Ubud – Bali) the risk of overpopulation caused by the provisioning, which may potentially increase the human-macaque conflict

Food provisioning and agonistic behaviours in commensal long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) at Uluwatu Temple, Bali (Indonesia)

Most previous research on nonhuman primates reported increased levels of agonistic behaviors associated with food provisioning by humans. To further investigate the permanence of this effect of increased social competition in long-term commensal-living primates, we examined the immediate impact of food provisioning on agonistic behavior rates in a commensal population of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Uluwatu Temple, Bali (Indonesia). We compared proportions of agonistic behaviors between various food provisioning levels defined by the absence/presence and the quantity of food provisioned. We collected data using focal and scan sampling methods during a four-month study period (June to October 2010). We performed non-parametric statistical tests (Wilcoxon Test & Friedman Test; p < .05) on a population sample of 66 individuals. Results did not show obvious impact of provisioning on agonism rates, nor increase of potential appeasement strategies such as sexual behaviours, grooming or self-directed behaviours, often associated with the presence of provisioned food. These data suggest that the long-tailed macaques at Uluwatu Temple are responding effectively to high provisioning level, that is, without increasing social competition. We hypothesize that the high spatiotemporal abundance of human food, associated with the species’ eco-behavioural flexibility and the long term story of human-macaque commensal relationships in Uluwatu may explain the absence of provisioning impact on agonistic rates