Development of semi refined carrageenan/glycerol/a-tocopherol reinforced with cellulose nanofiber for active packaging application

Active packaging incorporated with natural antioxidant is a promising technology to extend shelf life of perishable food. However, biopolymers such as semi-refined carrageenan SRC alone does not form films with adequate mechanical properties which limit their potential as packaging film for food protection. The application of reinforcing fillers to biopolymers has proven effective in improving their thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties. This study aims to produce the bioactive edible film made semi refined carrageenan (SRC) plasticized with glycerol (G) enhanced with cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as reinforcing agent incorporated α-tocopherol (Tp) to enhance lipid oxidative stability of meat patties. Semi-refined carrageenan film reinforced cellulose nanofibers plasticized with glycerol and incorporated α-tocopherol were produce using casting method. The concentration of cellulose nanofibers was determined to enhance active films with mechanical and physical properties. The films produced have distinguished for their mechanical and physical characterization. Thereafter, the effectiveness of semi-refined carrageenan/glycerol/α-tocopherol as active packaging film to prolong the shelf life of meat patties were evaluated. This study exhibited that the addition of cellulose nanofibers were improved the physical and mechanical properties compare to control film (semi-refined carrageenan without the addition of glycerol, cellulose nanofibers and α-tocopherol). This can be shown at the tensile strength and elongation at break, which were improved with the increase in concentration (2%, 5%, 7% and 10% [v/v]) cellulose nanofibers (p<0.05) with value range of tensile strength (56.83-66.79 Mpa) and elongation at break (17.23-46.54%). However, increasing the concentration 13% (v/v) cellulose nanofibers had reduced the tensile strength (44.98 Mpa) and elongation at break significantly (32.93%) (p<0.05). When compared to the control film, the opacity value of semi-refined carrageenan reinforced cellulose nanofibers attribute lower opacity (4.09-4.73 mm-1). On the other hand, the film solubility and moisture content were improved significantly by increasing concentration of cellulose nanofibers. The thermal stability was improved by adding CNF to the film. In spite of this, the release antioxidant of the active films to the food simulant (95%) ethanol was calculated during 31 days of storage using total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity assays. The extended release of antioxidant into food simulant was from 31-day storage with total phenolic content value of 250.40-362.67 mg GA/L sample and 81.07-86.59% inhibition for DPPH assay. Moreover, the development of lipid oxidation in the meat patties wrapped with antioxidant films was delayed during storage with a final value of 0.68-0.37 mg of malondialdehyde/kg sample. Overall, active film reinforced with 10% (v/v) cellulose nanofibers improves mechanical properties of the film cellulose in terms of tensile strength and elongation at break. Hence, the new formulation of semi refined carrageenan (SRC) plasticized with glycerol (G) enhanced with cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as reinforcing agent incorporated with α-tocopherol (Tp) could be an promising option as active packaging to improve food safety and quality of the meat under refrigerated environment

Mechanical properties and antioxidant activity of carrageenan-CNF film incorporated with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as active food packaging

Incorporated BHA in biopolymer film is one of strategy to minimize the direct contact of BHA into the food product without limits their function as food preservative. Thus, the aim of this study was to formulate the active packaging film using semi refined carrageenan (SRC) biopolymer plasticized with glycerol (G), reinforced with 10% v/v CNF and incorporates antioxidant agent (BHA) with different concentrations (0.1 to 0.5% v/v) as antioxidants. Physical properties (thickness, opacity measurement, moisture content and solubility in water) and mechanical properties (tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) were analyzed. Active SGC-BHA films improved overall the tensile strength and the value of elongation at break significantly. Opacity, thickness, water solubility and moisture content were improved with increasing concentration of BHA in the film samples. Active SGC-BHA films showed highest improvement on the mechanical properties due to the uniform dispersion between CNF-SRC matrix interactions. Hence, the new formulation of active SGC-BHA films may be an alternative plastic packaging not only to avoid the direct contact of synthetic preservative on to food products but also can prolong the shelf life

Characterization of semi-refined carrageenan reinforced with cellulose nanofiber incorporated α-tocopherol for active food packaging applications

This work focuses on the development of biodegradable active films packaging using natural compounds by reducing the plastic waste to environment but also as a potential substitute of synthetic preservative in food. Active film packaging was formulated using semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) biopolymer plasticized with glycerol (G), reinforced with different concentrations cellulose nanofiber (CNF) at 0 to 13% w/w incorporated 0.4% w/w α-tocopherol as natural antioxidants. Physical and mechanical properties of the film samples were analyzed. Active films reinforced CNF enhanced overall the tensile strength and the value of elongation at break significantly (p<0.05). Film samples reinforced with 10% w/w CNF improved the value of opacity, thickness, films solubility (%) and moisture content (%) with (5.60±0.14, 0.139 ±0.02, 27.89±2.41 and 18.88±1.06) respectively. In summary, an active film with 10% w/w CNF showed highest improvement on the mechanical and physical properties due to the uniform dispersion between CNF-SRC matrix interactions. Hence, the new formulation of active packaging film with showed competitive properties that could be an alternative solution for biodegradable films with function of food protection against oxidative degeneration

Characterization of semi-refined carrageenan film plasticized with glycerol incorporated with Persicaria minor extract as antioxidant additives

Semi refined carrageenan (2%w/w) plasticized with 0.9% (w/w) glycerol (G) added with Persicaria minor (PM) extract and 0.4% (w/w) BHA as antioxidant additives for the development of active packaging films. The extraction of PM using 75% (v/v) ethanol: water ratio showed the highest polyphenol content with 176.80±4.37 Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/L sample and 94.65±0.17% inhibition analyzed using DPPH antioxidant activity (p<0.05). The characterization of SRC-G based film containing 0.4, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (w/w) PM and BHA were observed using FTIR, mechanical and physical properties of the treated films. FTIR spectrum band showed insight analysis of PM extract and BHA with carrageenan. SRC film plasticized with glycerol improved overall physical properties including thickness, barrier and flexibility and increased tensile strength and elongation at break compared to the SRC film only (p<0.05). The active films with PM extracts (2.0% w/w) exhibited good mechanical properties with tensile strength and elongation at break with 28.01±0.17 and 37.37±0.29 respectively (p<0.05). The addition of PM extract in SRC films increased the moisture content and opacity as proportionally to the concentration of PM extracts. Film treated with 2.0% PM showed lowest value of films solubility compare to all sample (p<0.05). Hence, the characterization measurement of SRC based films demonstrated great potential with natural extract formulation for the development of active film packaging for food products

Thermo-mechanical and antioxidant properties of eugenol-loaded carrageenan-cellulose nanofiber films for sustainable packaging applications

This study aimed to investigate the thermomechanical and antioxidant properties of an active film composed of carrageenan and cellulose nanofibers incorporating (0.1%v/v–0.5%v/v) eugenol (Eu), intended for active packaging applications. The mechanical, physical, morphology, and thermal properties of the active film were extensively characterized, and the antioxidant activity was monitored over a 34-day-storage period. Broido's model was employed to assess the thermomechanical properties and activation energy of the films towards the Eu structure in carrageenan and cellulose nanofiber film. The findings revealed that the addition of Eu had a negative impact on the activation energy of the film's decomposition while positively affecting the release of antioxidants during storage. The film containing 0.4% Eu demonstrated optimal physical and mechanical characteristics, including a tensile strength of 38.08 ± 2.06 MPa and elongation at break of 21.95% ± 9.02%. Furthermore, the SGC-0.4% (SGC stand for Semi refined carragenan + Glycerol + Cellulose nanofiber) Eu film exhibited a higher activation energy (365.82 kJ/mol), suggesting enhanced stability and durability compared with other films. The film with 0.4% Eu content showed the highest release rate of polyphenols (614.9290 mg gallic acid/L sample) up to 28 days of storage. Additionally, it exhibited a 58% efficiency of radical scavenging activity. Overall, these results highlight the potential of the SGC-0.4% Eu film as a biodegradable packaging solution that offers prolonged food shelf life

Sustainable Carrageenan/Nanocomposite Films Incorporated with Optimized Zingiber officinale Extracts for Active Packaging Systems

Optimized Bentong ginger (BG) extract using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was incorporated in hybrid carrageenan/nanocomposite biopolymers for active packaging films. The design of experiments based on central composite design was applied for the study of the operating parameters (amplitude, sonication time, and solvent concentration) of UAE in the recovery of phenolic compounds from BG. Optimized extracts were analyzed for the content of 6-gingerols in liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and formulated in carrageenan/nanocellulose hybrid films for active packaging applications. The mechanical properties of the films and release behavior of antioxidant compounds into food simulants were investigated. The optimized UAE BG extract was found efficacious as an antioxidant agent in active packaging

Synthesis of active hybrid films reinforced with cellulose nanofibers as active packaging material

Active packaging films derived from renewable biopolymers with an antioxidant formulation are a promising alternative in prolonging food shelf life. This study aimed to develop active hybrid films from semi-refined carrageenan, plasticized with glycerol, incorporating α-tocopherol, and enhanced with cellulose nanofibers derived from empty fruit bunch as reinforcing agents for improved film function in active packaging. The active hybrid films were characterized for their properties, and the release of antioxidant α-tocopherol was observed in food simulant and fresh meat. The application of the active hybrid films reinforced with cellulose nanofibers as active packaging for food products is presented

Exploring the potential of seaweed derivatives for the development of biodegradable plastics: A comparative study

Biodegradable films made from biopolymer materials have the potential to replace conventional plastics, which can reduce waste disposal problems. This study aims to explore the potential of different seaweed derivate films consisting of 2% (w/w) of kappaphycus alverezi (KA), kappa carrageenan (KC), refined carrageenan (RC) and semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) as bio-based materials with 0.9% (w/w) glycerol (G), and reinforced with different concentrations of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) derived from palm waste. A characterization of the glycerol-plasticized seaweed derivatives containing 0, 5, 10, and 15% (v/w) cellulose nanofiber is carried out. The CNFs were studied based on their mechanical, physical and thermal properties including mechanical properties, thickness, moisture content, opacity, water solubility, water vapor permeability and thermal stability. The hydrogen bonding was determined using the DFT calculation generated by Gauss view software version 9.6. The KA + G + 10%CNF film exhibited a surface with slight cracks, roughness, and larger lumps and dents, resulting in inferior mechanical properties (18.50 Mpa), making it unsuitable for biofilm production. The KC + G + 10%CNF film exhibited mechanical properties 24.97 Mpa and water vapor permeability of 1.42311 × 10−11 g s−1 m−1 Pa−1. The RC/G/10%CNF film displayed the highest TS (48.23 MPa) and water vapor permeability (1.4168 × 10−11 g s−1 m−1 Pa−1), but it also had higher solubility in water (66%). In contrast, the SRC + G + 10%CNF film demonstrated excellent mechanical properties (45.98 MPa), low water solubility (42.59%), low water vapor permeability (1.3719 × 10−11 g s−1 m−1 Pa−1), and a high decomposition temperature (250.62 °C) compared to KA, KC and RC. These attributes develop films suitable for various applications, including food packaging with enhanced properties and stability

Semirefined Carrageenan (SRC) Film Incorporated with α-Tocopherol and Persicaria minor for Meat Patties Application

Semirefined carrageenan (SRC) plasticized with glycerol (G) and incorporated with antioxidants of 0.4% (v/v) of α-tocopherol and Persicaria minor (PM) extract was successfully developed. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant effect of active packaging films from semirefined carrageenan incorporated with α-tocopherol and Persicaria minor on meat patties. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of α-tocopherol and PM extract were measured. The effects of α-tocopherol and PM extract incorporated with SRC-based films on meat patties were evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay, metmyoglobin assay, and pH value for 14 days of storage. The films with 0.4% (v/v) of α-tocopherol and PM extract exhibited lower lipid oxidation in meat patties compared to the control (SRC film only, p < 0.05). Also, brown color development of the meat patties of less than 50% was observed at the end of the 14-day storage. Meanwhile, the pH values for all samples decreased throughout the storage period with the SRC+G+α-tocopherol film showed the highest pH value. Hence, the formulation of SRC film with α-tocopherol or PM extract could be used as an alternative packaging for extending the shelf life of food product with high fat conten

Semirefined carrageenan (Src) film incorporated with a-tocopherol and persicaria minor for meat patties application

Semirefined carrageenan (SRC) plasticized with glycerol (G) and incorporated with antioxidants of 0.4% (v/v) of a-tocopherol and Persicaria minor (PM) extract was successfully developed. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant effect of active packaging films from semirefined carrageenan incorporated with a-tocopherol and Persicaria minor on meat patties. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of a-tocopherol and PM extract were measured. The effects of a-tocopherol and PM extract incorporated with SRC-based films on meat patties were evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay, metmyoglobin assay, and pH value for 14 days of storage. The films with 0.4% (v/v) of a-tocopherol and PM extract exhibited a lower lipid oxidation in meat patties compared with that of control (SRC film only, p < 0.05). Also, a brown color development of the meat patties of less than 50% was observed at the end of the 14-day storage. Meanwhile, the pH values for all samples decreased throughout the storage period with the SRC+G+a-tocopherol film showed the highest pH value. Hence, the formulation of SRC film with a-tocopherol or PM extract could be used as an alternative packaging for extending the shelf life of food product with high fat contentPeer ReviewedPostprint (published version