Nutrient Composition, Antioxidant Andantiproliferative Properties Of Clausena Excavata Andmurraya Koenigii.

The proximate composition of Clausena excavata and Murraya koenigii leaves, together with the vitamin and mineral contents were investigated. Studies on the antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of the plant extracts and essential oils were also carried out. The proximate analysis showed that C. excavata leaves contained higher moisture, ash and crude fibre contents compared to M. koenigzi. The contents of vitamins A, C and E in C. excavata were found to be 47.78 mg/100 g, 586.30 mg/100 g and 267.67 mg/100 g, while in M. koenigzi the results were 1406.32 mg/100 g, 374.38 mg/100 g and 18.52 mg/100 g respectively. It seems that Murraya koenigii contained higher zinc (0.09 mg/100 g sample), copper (0.1 mg/100 g sample), sodium (0.4 mg/100 g sample) and potassium (0.91 mg/100 g sample) compared to Clausena excavata that showed 0.01 mg zinc and copper per 100 g sample, sodium (0.37 mg/100 g sample) and potassium (0.73 mg/100 g sample). Iron (0.32 mg/100 g sample), magnesium (0.96 mg/100 g sample) and calcium (5.46 mg/100 g sample) were found to be higher in C. excavata than M. koenigii that possessed 0.14 mg iron per 100 g sample, 0.76 mg magnesium per 100 g sample and 5.28 mg calcium per 100 g sample. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using fresh leaves and analysed using GC-MS spectrometry. The leaf oil of C. excavata was mainly made up of safrole (89.85%) while the leaf oil of M. koenigii was mainly made up of p-farnesene (42.85%). Other components that were present in appreciable amounts in M. koenigii oil were naphthalene (12.17%), acaryophyllene (8.09%), caryophyllene (5.47%) and eudesmo1(4.34%). The methanol and water crude extracts together with the essential oils of C. excavata and M. koenigii leaves were investigated for their antioxidant capacities in two different assays, namely the 0-carotene bleaching method and 1,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The methanol extract of M. koenigii showed the most potent antioxidant activity in p-carotene bleaching assay, giving a percentage of 86.13 %, while C. excavata showed 76.60 % in the assay. On the other hand, M. koenigii methanol extract showed weak effect in scavenging DPPH radical with an EC5o value of 2.14 mg/ml, compared to the methanol extract of C. excavata which exhibited 0.89 mg/ml. The water extract of C. excavata showed higher antioxidant activity in both p-carotene bleaching method (76.02 %) and DPPH radical scavenging method (EC50 value = 2.53 mg/ml) as compared to M. koenigii water extract which possessed 62.26 % antioxidant activity in Pcarotene bleaching method and 4.32 mg/ml ECso value in DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antioxidant activity of M. koenigii oil (91.01 %) was higher than C. excavata oil (66.3 %). Nevertheless, both of the essential oils did not present well in DPPH radical scavenging assay. The total phenolic content in the methanolic and water extracts of C. excavata and M. koenigii leaves, which were determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method, were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAEs); whereas the total phenolics in the methanolic extracts of both plants were higher than the water extracts. The methanolic extract of C. excavata had the highest phenolic content (103.33 mg of GAEs/g of sample extract) while M. koenigii methanol extract showed 63.92 mg of GAEs/g of sample extract. The total phenolic content of M. koenigii water extract possessed 53.62 mg of GAEs/g of sample extract while C. excavata exhibited 53.46 mg of GAEs/g of sample extract respectively. HepG2 (hepatic cancer), MCF-7 (hormone-dependent breast cancer), MDAMB- 231 (non-hormone-dependent breast cancer), HeLa (cervical cancer) and CAOV3 (ovarian cancer) cell cultures were used to determine the antiproliferative activities of C. excavata and M. koenigii. The growth of viable cells was evaluated by using ~icroculture-tetrazolium-(MTTa)s say. Clausine-B, which was isolated from C. excavata was found to inhibit 50% of HeLa cancer cells' proliferation at 22.90 pg/rnl, followed by M. koenigzi methanol extract (25.00 pg/ml), M. koenigzi essential oil (31.10 pg/ml) and C. excavata methanol extract (34.51 pg/ml). The Clausena excavata methanol extract, water extract and essential oil were found to cause 50% cell death of MCF-7 cancer cell line at concentrations of 36.50, 95.00 and 59.00 pg/ml respectively. Meanwhile, clausine-B and essential oil from M. koenigii were found to cause 50% cell death at 52.90 and 46.01 pg/ml respectively. For HepG-2 liver cancer cell line, the highest mean total ICso value could be seen in M. koenigii methanol extract which possessed 23.90 pg/ml. It was followed by clausine-B which was found to cause 50% cell death at a concentration of 28.94 pg/ml. The essential oil from M. koenigii and C. excauata methanol extract exhibited 48.00 and 53.03 pg/ml. Clausine-B and M. koenigii methanol extract were observed to inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cell line at the concentrations of 21.50 and 37.98 pg/ml respectively. Three samples were found to cause 50% cell death of CAOV3 which is the ovarian cancer cell line. The samples are clausine-B (I& = 27.00 pg/ml), M. koenigii methanol extract (IC5o = 27.90 pg/ml) and C. excauata methanol extract (Ic50 = 79.00 pg/ ml). The findings of this study showed that the methanol extracts especially M. koenigii methanol extract have the great potential in antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Clausine-B, was found to be active against all the cancer cell lines tested

Antiproliferative activity of pure lycopene compared to both extracted lycopene and juices from watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) and papaya (Carica papaya) on human breast and liver cancer cell lines

Lycopene is one of the major carotenoids in the diet and is believed to have a number of health benefits including anticancer properties. This investigation was conducted with the aim of screening the potential anticancer properties of pure lycopene and of both extracted lycopene and juices from watermelon and papaya. Two different types of human tumor cell lines, HepG2 (liver cancer cell line) and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cell line) were used for the evaluation of cytotoxicity effects. Chang liver cell line that is the transformed cell for the liver was used for comparison. The cells treated with pure lycopene, extracted lycopene and juices from both watermelon and papaya were maintained and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for five days. The Microculture Tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay was carried out in this investigation, to determine the cell viability. Pure lycopene was found to cause 50% cell death (IC50) of HepG2 cells at a concentration of 22.8 μg ml-1, while papaya juice at a concentration of 20 mg ml-1. In the case of MDA-MB-231 cells, the IC50 of the watermelon was 11.3 mg ml-1. The other samples including extracted lycopene samples did not show any effect in the cell viability. The findings of this study showed that pure lycopene and papaya juice may have anticancer properties upon liver cancer cell line (HepG2), while watermelon juice had anticancer properties against breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). The juices seemed to be more effective than the extracted lycopene samples in inhibiting cancer cell growth

Selective cytotoxic activity of methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate isolated from Kernel of Bambangan (Mangifera pajang)

Bambangan (Mangifera pajang) has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity. One of the major bioactive compounds present in the methanol extract of kernel of M. pajang is methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (methyl gallate). The present study was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of this compound against selected cancer cell lines such as hormone dependent breast cancer (MCF-7), nonhormone dependent breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), prostate cancer (PC-3), pancreatic cancer cell (CP-2) and colon cancer (HCT-116) cell lines. Methyl gallate was isolated from methanol extract by using column chromatography and the compound was further confirmed by using NMR, GC-MS analysis and comparison of spectral data of the isolated data with published report. The cytotoxicity of the compound was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at concentrationsranging from 0 to 100 µM. The results showed that the compound only induced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 and PC-3 cell lines with IC50 values of 54.7 ± 4.73 and 97.6 ± 4.04 µM, respectively. Furthermore, Capan 2, MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 showed no inhibition towards the cell proliferation after the treatment with compound (IC50 values more than100 µM). Thus, the compound isolated from kernel of M. pajang exhibited selective cytotoxic activity against selected cancer cell lines

An anticancer agent

The present invention relates to Cola nitida, an anticancer agent, the anticancer properties include antioxidant activities: FTC, TBA, and DPPH; antioxidant minerals: oxygen, carbon, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium; total phenolic and total flavonoid content

Guidance on mucositis assessment from the MASCC Mucositis Study Group and ISOO: an international Delphi studyResearch in context

Summary: Background: Mucositis is a common and highly impactful side effect of conventional and emerging cancer therapy and thus the subject of intense investigation. Although common practice, mucositis assessment is heterogeneously adopted and poorly guided, impacting evidence synthesis and translation. The Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) Mucositis Study Group (MSG) therefore aimed to establish expert recommendations for how existing mucositis assessment tools should be used, in clinical care and trials contexts, to improve the consistency of mucositis assessment. Methods: This study was conducted over two stages (January 2022–July 2023). The first phase involved a survey to MASCC-MSG members (January 2022–May 2022), capturing current practices, challenges and preferences. These then informed the second phase, in which a set of initial recommendations were prepared and refined using the Delphi method (February 2023–May 2023). Consensus was defined as agreement on a parameter by >80% of respondents. Findings: Seventy-two MASCC-MSG members completed the first phase of the study (37 females, 34 males, mainly oral care specialists). High variability was noted in the use of mucositis assessment tools, with a high reliance on clinician assessment compared to patient reported outcome measures (PROMs, 47% vs 3%, 37% used a combination). The World Health Organization (WHO) and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scales were most commonly used to assess mucositis across multiple settings. Initial recommendations were reviewed by experienced MSG members and following two rounds of Delphi survey consensus was achieved in 91 of 100 recommendations. For example, in patients receiving chemotherapy, the recommended tool for clinician assessment in clinical practice is WHO for oral mucositis (89.5% consensus), and WHO or CTCAE for gastrointestinal mucositis (85.7% consensus). The recommended PROM in clinical trials is OMD/WQ for oral mucositis (93.3% consensus), and PRO-CTCAE for gastrointestinal mucositis (83.3% consensus). Interpretation: These new recommendations provide much needed guidance on mucositis assessment and may be applied in both clinical practice and research to streamline comparison and synthesis of global data sets, thus accelerating translation of new knowledge into clinical practice. Funding: No funding was received