Papillary carcinoma of male breast: the uncommon pathology of breast cancer

Breast cancer in men is uncommon. It represents less than 1% of all cancer in men. The survival rates of breast cancer are similar in men and women. Papillary carcinoma of breast is an extremely rare form of breast cancer. It tends to affect older age group but had excellent prognosis

Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: a rare entity of bladder neoplasm

Primary small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) is a rare high-grade malignant neoplasm with neuroen- docrine differentiation derived from the urothelium. Herein, we report a case which presented with symptomatic anaemia secondary to haematuria, complicated with acute kidney injury following obstructive uropathy caused by the SCNEC, along with the discussion of the clinical presentation, radiological imaging and pathological findings of the disease

Phase 2 trial of chewing lignocaine soaked gauze: a novel method to recuse gag reflex

Background and aim : The gag reflex has been a hindrance for instrumentation of pharyngeal area. Hence a better method to reduce the gag reflex is investigated. This study aimed to look at the feasibility of chewing lignocaine soaked gauze to reduce gag reflex besides identifying the optimum dosage of lignocaine. Patients and method: This is phase two, 3 arms, double-blinded, randomized control trial where participants were divided into three groups that received either gauze soaked with 160 mg or 320 mg lignocaine or with water base on computer-generated block randomization and were assessed by two assessors at the end of 3 minutes. Result: 30 participants were recruited and divided into three groups with 1:1:1 ratio according to block randomization. Gag reflex reduction was seen highest in group B (M = 2.3, SD = 0.67) and no statistically significant changes in the control group (p = 0.343, 95% CI = -0.126, 0.326). Significant difference in gag reflex score were seen between group A and B with group C (p = 0.000, 95% CI = -2.90, 1.30) and (p = 0.000, 95% CI = -2.70, -1.10) respectively. There was no significant difference between group A and group B (p = 1.00, 95% CI = -1.00, 0.60). No difference were seen in vital signs for all groups during the study. Conclusion: Chewing lignocaine soaked gauze is a feasible method to reduce gag reflex and 320 mg lignocaine is not superior to 160 mg of lignocaine in gag reflex reduction

Whole-Genome Profiles of Malay Colorectal Cancer Patients with Intact MMR Proteins

Background: This study aimed to identify new genes associated with CRC in patients with normal mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression. Method: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in seven early-age-onset Malay CRC patients. Potential germline genetic variants, including single-nucleotide variations and insertions and deletions (indels), were prioritized using functional and predictive algorithms. Results: An average of 3.2 million single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) and over 800 indels were identified. Three potential candidate variants in three genes—IFNE, PTCH2 and SEMA3D—which were predicted to affect protein function, were identified in three Malay CRC patients. In addition, 19 candidate genes—ANKDD1B, CENPM, CLDN5, MAGEB16, MAP3K14, MOB3C, MS4A12, MUC19, OR2L8, OR51Q1, OR51AR1, PDE4DIP, PKD1L3, PRIM2, PRM3, SEC22B, TPTE, USP29 and ZNF117—harbouring nonsense variants were prioritised. These genes are suggested to play a role in cancer predisposition and to be associated with cancer risk. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated significant enrichment in the olfactory signalling pathway. Conclusion: This study provides a new spectrum of insights into the potential genes, variants and pathways associated with CRC in Malay patients