Unique features of Plasmids among different Citrobacter species

The _Citrobacter_ plasmids are supposed to represent the host genetic association within the living bacterial cell. The plasmids impart various beneficial characteristics to the host, helping it to retain suitable characteristics for adaptation as well as evolution. The study aims at understanding the role of prophage in influencing host functional characteristics by horizontal gene transfer or as whole plasmids. The _Citrobacter_ plasmid can be understood by analyzing many hypothetical protein sequences within its genome. Our study included 82 hypothetical proteins in 5 _Citrobacter_ plasmids genomes. The function predictions in 31 hypothetical proteins and 3-D structures were predicted for 11 protein sequences using PS2 server. The probable function prediction was done by using Bioinformatics web tools like CDD-BLAST, INTERPROSCAN, PFAM and COGs by searching sequence databases for the presence of orthologous enzymatic conserved domains in the hypothetical sequences. This study identified many uncharacterized proteins, whose roles are yet to be discovered in _Citrobacter_ plasmids. These results for unknown proteins within plasmids can be used in linking the genetic interactions of _Citrobacter_ species and their functions in different environmental conditions

A logical layer protocol for ActiveBus architecture

This research investigates several problems associated with current multiprocessor interconnection networks, focusing primarily on general-purpose, shared-memory configurations. The project deals with all aspects of the interconnection, from the architectural level to the physical backplane. A multiple-bus based architecture is presented as an alternative to the limitations of current schemes. This dissertation will focus on the logical layer specification;The ActiveBus--a multiple, active bus--interconnection is proposed. Multiple buses increase the bandwidth as well as reliability of the interconnection while the active backplane shows a reduced and uniform capacitive load;A logical layer protocol was designed for each bus to work independently, to achieve fault tolerance. Each bus uses a word-serial approach to keep the total number of bus signal lines manageable. A dual clocking scheme is proposed. The faster clock is used for data transfer. The other clock, refered to as sync clock, is used for arbitration and handshaking;Absence of discontinuities on the bus coupled with a source-synchronous transfer protocol allows data to be streamed at a high rate, thus increasing the pin-efficiency of the bus. The data transmission rate is limited only by clock skew. In addition, the ActiveBus interface unit and the source synchronous protocol move the synchronization penalty from the shared bus to the private buffer in the unit;The protocol uses a new arbitration scheme, termed Previous Priority First. This hybrid control acquisition scheme combines collision detection and priority arbitration to minimize bus access time without requiring additional signal lines. Collision detection provides a quick access in an unsaturated system while priority arbitration guarantees the deterministic election of the master in a saturated system. The scheme also incorporates a fairness mode to minimize starvation and bus access delay in the system;The cache coherence scheme supports both copy-back and write-through policies to reduce the overhead. MOESI protocol with snoopy caches, being the most general, is followed. Message passing and synchronization primitives are provided within the bus protocol to support multiple processor systems. These primitives attempt to minimize the traffic generated by the spin locks or the memory hot spots

Essential oil composition of clove and nutmeg from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

To study the chemical variability in spices grown in different islands of India, clove and nutmeg samples were collected from both Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands situated in the Bay of Bengal. Essential oils were extracted and profiling was carried out which revealed considerable variations among the collections for essential oil content as well as composition. P-Eugenol was observed in island-grown clove samples in the range of 59.895 to 76.059%, whereas, β-Caryophyllene and Eugenyl acetate were other important constituents of oil. In case of nutmeg, Myristicin, the hallucinogenic compound, was present in the range of 7.070 to 20.331%. Considering the quality of island-grown spices, these crops could be recommended as profitable intercrops in the existing plantations in the islands

Yakima Indian War Diary

"Walter L. Hembree, of McMinnville, Oregon, son of the diarist has loaned the original for reproduction in the Washington Historical Quarterly… Although the records in the diary are painfully meager, it is valuable as one of the rare human interest documents written in the field during that unfortunate epoch in Northwestern history.

Mechanisms for the Influence from Ice Nucleus Aerosols on Clouds and their Indirect Effects: Cloud Modelling

The role of multiple groups of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) as ice nucleating particles (INPs), and of ice formation processes such as time-dependent freezing of various INPs, and various secondary ice production(SIP) mechanisms in overall ice concentration has been evaluated in a range of cloud systems by simulating them numerically with the state-of-the-art ‘Aerosol-Cloud’ (AC) model in a 3D mesoscale domain. Also, the mechanismsof aerosol indirect effects (AIEs) arising from anthropogenic INPs, and the responses to these AIEs from time-dependent INP freezing and SIP processes are investigated in the simulated clouds. The cloud systems simulated with AC are: events of summertime deep convection observed over Oklahoma, USA during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Cloud Experiment (MC3E) in 2011 on 1) 11 May, and 2) 20 May, and wintertime 3) orographic clouds observed during the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (ACAPEX) on 07 February 2015 over North California, and 4) supercooled layer clouds observed over Larkhill, UK, during the Aerosol Properties, Processes And Influences on the Earth’s climate (APPRAISE) campaign on 18 February 2009.AC uses the dynamical core of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, modified Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory (GFDL) radiation scheme, and hybrid bin-bulk microphysics scheme. AC is validated adequately with the coincident aircraft, ground-based, and satellite observations for all four cases. AC forms secondary ice through the Hallett-Mossop (HM) process of rime-splintering, and fragmentation during ice-ice collisions, raindrop freezing, and sublimation of dendritic snow and graupel. A measure of SIP is defined using theterm ‘ice enhancement’ (IE) ratio which is the ratio between the number concentration of total ice particles and active INPs at cloud tops. For both cases in MC3E, overall, PBAPs have little effect (+1-6%) on the cloud-liquid (droplet mean sizes, number concentrations, and their water contents) properties, overall ice concentration, and on precipitation. AC predicts the activity of various INPs with an empirical parameterization (EP). The EP is modified to represent the time-dependent approach of INP freezing in light of our published laboratory observations. It is predicted that the time dependence of INP freezing is not the main cause for continuous ice nucleation and precipitation in all simulated cases. Rather, the main mechanism of precipitation formation is the combination of various SIP mechanisms (in convection) and recirculation-reactivation of dust particles (in APPRAISE layer cloud episode). Also, for all cases, the inclusion oftime dependence of INP freezing causes little increase (about 10-20%) in the total ice concentration and ice from all SIP.Regarding SIP, in young developing convective clouds of MC3E (11 May), with tops > −15oC, the initial explosive growth is from the fast HM process, creating IE ratios as high as 103. By contrast, in mature convective clouds (tops < −20oC), fragmentation in ice-ice collisions prevails, creating IE ratios of up to about 102-103. Regarding AIEs from INPs, increasing anthropogenic pollution is predicted to exert a net cooling in APPRAISE, and a strong net warmingin MC3E (11 May). Furthermore, these net AIEs are mainly from glaciated clouds. Overall, the contribution to the AIEs from ice formation processes, such as time-dependent INP freezing and SIP, shows a high sensitivity with respect to anthropogenic INPs (about 20-60% increase in net AIEs). Also, two new indirect effects associated with ice initiation mechanisms are proposed here. These are, 1) the ‘SIP’ indirect effect, and 2) the ‘time-dependent INP’ indirect effect. It is predicted that in APPRAISE and MC3E, both SIP and time-dependent INP indirect effects form less than 30%, and more than 50% of the net AIE, respectively

Gigaspora (GIGASPORACEAE) da India, com notas morfo-taxonômicas

 Gigaspora (GIGASPORACEAE) da India, com notas morfo-taxonômicas </htm

Yakima Indian War Diary

"Walter L. Hembree, of McMinnville, Oregon, son of the diarist has loaned the original for reproduction in the Washington Historical Quarterly… Although the records in the diary are painfully meager, it is valuable as one of the rare human interest documents written in the field during that unfortunate epoch in Northwestern history.

Essential oil composition of clove and nutmeg from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

95-100In spices, chemical variability is a known phenomenon. Here, we studied the clove and nutmeg grown in different islands both Andaman and Nicobar groups of islands situated in the Bay of Bengal, India. Essential oils were extracted and profiling was carried out which revealed considerable variations among the collections for essential oil content as well as composition. P-Eugenol was observed in island-grown clove samples in the range of 59.895 to 76.059%, whereas, β-Caryophyllene and Eugenyl acetate were other important constituents of oil. In case of nutmeg, myristicin, the hallucinogenic compound, was present in the range of 7.070 to 20.331%. Considering the quality of island-grown spices, these crops could be recommended as profitable intercrops in the existing plantations in the islands

The phage-host interaction as a model for studying carbon regulation in aquatic system

This document contains the presentation by Swapnil G Sanmukh et al, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur on &#x201c;The phage-host interaction as a model for studying carbon regulation in aquatic system&#x201d; during Second National Research Conference on Climate Change, organized by the Centre for Science and Environment, IIT Delhi and IIT Madras on November 5-6, 2011 at New Delhi

Ubiquitous Computing Architecture, Applications and Challenges

Pervasive computing is emerging field of Information Technology. Use of pervasive computing in human life is increasing. To improve quality of human life we can use pervasive computing. This paper discusses basic idea of pervasive computing, the application of pervasive computing in human life and challenges in front of its implementation