De la critique des nouvelles théories de l’aliénation et de la matérialisation

Die in den späten 1960er bis frühen 1980er Jahren oft inflationär gebrauchten Kategorien „Entfremdung“ und „Verdinglichung“ sind seit den frühen 2000er Jahren im deutschsprachigen Raum erneut in die sozialphilosophische Diskussion geraten. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz sollen an drei Beispielen diese Reaktualisierungen kritisch mit Bezug auf die Theorie von Karl Marx dargestellt und beurteilt werden. Obwohl diesen Reaktualisierungen nur eine unbefriedigende Kapitalismuskritik zugrunde liegt, werden durch sie Entfremdungs- und Verdinglichungsphänomene des Alltags und des intersubjektiven Nahraums der Gegenwart sichtbar, die in der Marxschen Theorie mit ihrem primären Fokus auf gesellschaftliche Strukturen ausgeklammert blieben.Kategorije »otuđenja« i »materijalizacije«, koje su od kasnih 1960-ih do ranih 1980-ih godina često bile u pretjeranoj uporabi, na njemačkom su se govornom području ponovno pojavile 2000-ih u socijalnofilozofskim raspravama. Cilj je ovoga rada, pozivajući se na teoriju Karla Marxa, kritički prikazati i ocijeniti navedene reaktualizacije pomoću tri primjera. Iako spomenute reaktualizacije počivaju samo na nezadovoljavajućoj kritici kapitalizma, kroz njih se očitu ju fenomeni otuđenja i materijalizacije u svakodnevnom životu i intersubjektivnoj bližoj okolini sadašnjosti, koji u Marxovoj teoriji sa svojim primarnim fokusom na društvenim strukturama bivaju zapostavljeni.The categories “alienation” and “reification”, which were often used in an inflationary manner in the late 1960s to early 1980s, have re-entered the socio-philosophical discussion in the German-speaking world since the early 2000s. In this paper, these reactualisations are critically presented based on three examples and evaluated with reference to Karl Marx’s theory. Although these reactualisations are based only on an unsatisfactory critique of capitalism, they reveal phenomena of alienation and reification in everyday life and in the intersubjective proximity of the present that remained excluded in Marx’s theory with its primary focus on social structures.De la fin des années 1960 au début des années 1980 les catégories d’« aliénation » et de « réification », qui ont fréquemment été utilisées de manière abusive, font à nouveau l’objet de débats socio-philosophiques dans les pays germanophones depuis le début des années 2000. Dans le présent essai, ces réactualisations doivent être présentées et évaluées de manière critique en référence à la théorie de Karl Marx à l’aide de trois exemples. Bien que ces réactualisations ne reposent que sur une critique insatisfaisante du capitalisme, elles rendent visibles, dans la vie quotidienne et dans le voisinage intersubjectif immédiat du présent, les phénomènes d’aliéna tion et de réification exclus de la théorie de Marx, cette dernière étant axée principalement sur les structures sociales

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Ecological evaluation of lake shores in Germany

Goal and Scope. Details about the ecological function of lake shores as ecotones between land and lakes are not well-known. These ecotones are also heavily exploited and, in part, considerably changed. Whereas anthropogenic nutrient loading is decreasing, structural changes are increasing. Unfortunately, there is a deficit in methods of evaluation and decision processes. Main Focus. Even the EU-water framework directive was no remedy for this deficit, as lake shores were included only implicitly. In this article several evaluation methods and their conceptual groundwork are presented. However, these methods were not developed for lake shore research. Therefore, criteria are proposed which could fulfill the specific demands of lake shore assessments. The management of lakes shores should consider structural and biological parameters, and be agreeable to local residents. Results and Conclusions. In addition to conventional biodiversity methods, the ecology of lake shores could also be represented by a functional food net, for example in benthic invertebrates. But even quantification of Universitätsradio alone creates many problems. A simple biodiversity index cannot meet all the demands placed on a method of evaluation in complex situations, especially when coupled with additional information on structure, practicability, costs, etc. For these reasons, assessments for future management cannot be based on such an index. Outlook. A possible approach to include this complexity in assessments is to apply mathematical models and theoretical order concepts

Conflicts in Lake Shore Protection: Example Lake Constance

The shores of many Central European lakes located in the hinterland of large conurbations are heavily endangered by intensive settlement, traffic, sewage input, manipulation of the water level, tourism and recreation. This increasing impact has negatively affected the function of the lake shore in respect to conservation and species protection, to water protection and its importance for recreation. This paper describes the overlap of the multiple uses and the precautions planned since 1981 on the national and international level to guarantee the essential multiple functionality, e.g. as drinking water reservoir for the conurbations in the northern part of Baden-Württemberg, as supraregional centre for water sports and tourism, and as an important environment for endangered plant and animal species. Management measures include regional planning as well as the international water protection and preservation with many contributions from non governmental international organisations. Given a high agreement concerning these aims, many indispensable actions could successfully be realised on the political and administrative level. On the basis of 14 topics we follow the development since 1981, most recently also driven by the EU (FFH Natura 2000, Water framework directive). Backlogs became obvious for four topics: 1. The lack of efficient reviews on completed measures, 2. gaps in basic understanding, 3. The dragging harmonisation of an integrated shore protection program across the borders, and 4. the lack of concepts for a sustainable development including plans for monitoring