Life Cycle Assessment of baby leaf spinach: Reduction of waste through interventions in growing treatments and packaging

Food production, distribution and waste impact significantly on the environment, with recognised contributions to GHG emissions and Global Warming Potential (GWP) at each stage of the supply chain. Fresh leaf vegetables, such as salad leaves and spinach, are particularly prone to spoilage and efforts are being made to reduce waste, by increasing shelf-life through growing treatments and packaging choices. This presentation reports on the findings of Life Cycle Assessment studies carried out to support the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) funded project ‘Leaf no Waste’ (Grant: 20/FIP/FD/8934). The study looks at the production of baby leaf spinach grown in Ireland and explores changes in the environmental impacts profile (e.g. GWP) for a foliar silicon treatment and two packaging options (i.e. Oriented Polypropylene (OPP) and Polylactide (PLA)). The system boundary of the study includes the field production of spinach, storage, packaging, retail, and waste management options, for the functional unit 1 kg packed baby leaf spinach. 4 scenarios were selected from the experimental data, namely spinach packed in OPP, spinach packed in PLA, silicon treated spinach in OPP, and silicon treated spinach in PLA. Furthermore, waste at 3-day shelf-life and waste at 7-day shelf-life were compared, to evaluate the effects of the treatments, and the resulting environmental impacts based on the LCA . The preliminary results illustrate that the storage and packaging process and retail stage are among the key contributors to GWP due to packaging material production and energy use. Comparison of scenarios under 3-day shelf life shows that spinach with PLA packaging is worse than that with OPP packaging in both base case and silicon treatment scenarios. However, application of silicon product shows potential to benefit the spinach supply chain with PLA packaging, while it has little effect on OPP packaging cases

A decision support system for sustainable agriculture and food loss reduction under uncertain agricultural policy frameworks

The EU Green Deal requires the reduction in pesticides and fertilisers in food crop production, whilst the sustainable development goals require reductions in food loss and food waste. In a complex and interacting system like the food system, these goals are difficult to coordinate. Here, we show an approach using Bayesian network modelling for decision support. Bayesian networks are important tools for modelling complex systems which may develop emergent behaviour and for providing quantitative comparisons for different candidate policies, approaches or interventions under the Integrating Decision Support System paradigm. Using lettuce as an exemplar crop, we demonstrate that expected food loss changes under different agricultural input reduction and integrated pest management combinations can be quantified to aid decision making for growers

Potential of urban green spaces for supporting horticultural production: a national scale analysis

As urban areas and land-use constraints grow, there is increasing interest in utilizing urban spaces for food production. Several studies have uncovered significant potential for urban growing to supplement production of fruit and vegetables, focusing on one or two cities as case studies, whilst others have assessed the global scale potential. Here, we provide a national-scale analysis of the horticultural production potential of urban green spaces, which is a relevant scale for agri-food and urban development policy making using Great Britain (GB) as a case study. Urban green spaces available for horticultural production across GB are identified and potential yields quantified based on three production options. The distribution of urban green spaces within 26 urban towns and cities across GB are then examined to understand the productive potential compared to their total extent and populations. Urban green spaces in GB, at their upper limit, have the capacity to support production that is 8× greater than current domestic production of fruit and vegetables. This amounts to 38% of current domestic production and imports combined, or >400% if exotic fruits and vegetables less suited to GB growing conditions are excluded. Most urban green spaces nationally are found to fall within a small number of categories, with private residential gardens and amenity spaces making up the majority of space. By examining towns and cities across GB in further detail, we find that the area of green space does not vary greatly between urban conurbations of different sizes, and all are found to have substantial potential to meet the dietary needs of the local urban population. This study highlights that national policies can be suitably developed to support urban agriculture and that making use of urban green spaces for food production could help to enhance the resilience of the national-scale food system to shocks in import pathways, or disruptions to domestic production and distribution.Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC): BB/S01425X/1, ESRC and NERC Scottish Governmen

Small-Molecule Activators of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Discovered through High-Throughput Compound Screening

Background: Hypocatabolism of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) by insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), making pharmacological activation of IDE an attractive therapeutic strategy. However, it has not been established whether the proteolytic activity of IDE can be enhanced by drug-like compounds. Methodology/Principal Findings: Based on the finding that ATP and other nucleotide polyphosphates modulate IDE activity at physiological concentrations, we conducted parallel high-throughput screening campaigns in the absence or presence of ATP and identified two compounds—designated Ia1 and Ia2—that significantly stimulate IDE proteolytic activity. Both compounds were found to interfere with the crosslinking of a photoaffinity ATP analogue to IDE, suggesting that they interact with a bona fide ATP-binding domain within IDE. Unexpectedly, we observed highly synergistic activation effects when the activity of Ia1 or Ia2 was tested in the presence of ATP, a finding that has implications for the mechanisms underlying ATP-mediated activation of IDE. Notably, Ia1 and Ia2 activated the degradation of Aβ by ∼700% and ∼400%, respectively, albeit only when Aβ was presented in a mixture also containing shorter substrates. Conclusions/Significance: This study describes the first examples of synthetic small-molecule activators of IDE, showing that pharmacological activation of this important protease with drug-like compounds is achievable. These novel activators help to establish the putative ATP-binding domain as a key modulator of IDE proteolytic activity and offer new insights into the modulatory action of ATP. Several larger lessons abstracted from this screen will help inform the design of future screening campaigns and facilitate the eventual development of IDE activators with therapeutic utility

Strengthening communal rangelands management in Botswana

This chapter explores the management of communal rangelands in Botswana. The approach links national analysis with local observations from case studies in published literature and the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN’s) work on participatory planning and community engagement in natural resource management in Kgalagadi District, where the legal and policy opportunities and constraints to achieving sustainable land management are examined. Kgalagadi District is the southernmost district of Botswana and lies within the Kalahari Desert. Despite Botswana’s progressive approach to developing the robust land administration and land tenure systems that contribute to good governance and economic progress, in reality land management is still confronted by the need to connect a traditional communal rangeland management system with a growing urban economy and an increasing land market

Evidence of Pyrethroid Tolerance in the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum Padi in Ireland

Results of dose response bioassays 'in vivo' used to characterise the phenotypic response of pyrethroid resistant S. avenae in comparison to susceptible S. avenae, and two other cereal aphids, the rose-grain aphid (Metopholophium dirhodum) and the bird-cherry – oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), are used to measure levels of pyrethroid resistance. Aphid pests on cereals in the British Isles are predominantly controlled by pyrethroid insecticides, especially since the implementation of the recent ban on neonicotinoid seed treatments on all outdoor crops. Resistance to pyrethroids has been detected in one of the main aphid pests, the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae), probably brought on by the sustained use of these pyrethroid sprays to control cereal aphids, which can transmit plant viruses, especially Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). The withdrawal of several insecticide compounds (e.g. pirimicarb, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and the aforesaid neonicotinoids) for cereal aphid control will probably increase the selection pressure, leading to increased levels of resistance in S. avenae, and, potentially, the evolution of resistance in other cereal aphid species. In this article we present the results of dose response bioassays 'in vivo' used to characterise the phenotypic response of pyrethroid resistant S. avenae in comparison to susceptible S. avenae, and two other cereal aphids, the rosegrain aphid (Metopholophium dirhodum) and the bird-cherry– oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), in order to measure levels of pyrethroid resistance. At present, little is known about the extent of pyrethroid resistance in S. avenae beyond the UK and in other cereal aphids. It therefore becomes increasingly important to monitor these pests to inform crop management decisions in light of the recent loss of other insecticides. The unintended consequences of the rapid withdrawal of insecticides, together with a failure to prepare and install alternative products and control approaches in advance, will probably ultimately lead to the loss of effectiveness of insecticidal compounds like pyrethroids

Hidden Gem or Fool’s Gold: Can passive ESG ETFs outperform the benchmarks?

International audienceUsing a unique and extensive dataset of 121 socially responsible investing (SRI) equity exchange-traded funds (ETFs) from January 2010 to December 2020, this study examines how passive SRI ETFs perform compared with their non-SRI benchmarks composed of S&P500 ETFs. Over the full sample period, our results show that an equally weighted SRI ETF portfolio underperforms its benchmark portfolio. Notably, we do not find significant differences in the two portfolios’ performance in the second half of our sample period. However, in the last two years, the SRI ETF portfolio significantly outperforms the benchmark. For the SRI investment strategies, we show that positive screening (or inclusion) rather than negative screening (or exclusion) can beat the benchmark portfolio. In particular, environmental inclusion screen provides significantly higher abnormal returns. Finally, we find that SRI ETFs’ performance can be explained by increasing industry competition and declining market concentration

Supermutant: the case of grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) resistance to pyrethroid insecticides

Pesticide resistance facilitates adaptation and survival through a range of different mechanisms that reduce or diminish the effectiveness of an active ingredient, for example by preventing its mode of action at the target site. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides detected in 2014 in Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hempitera: Aphididae), a prolific cereal pest and vector of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV), presents a serious challenge to cereal growers. Resistance has been attributed to the classic target site mutation (L1014F) known as Knock Down Resistance (kdr), found on one allele of the aphid sodium channel gene. Resistance screening and microsatellite genotyping over a three year period in Ireland reveals that kdr-heterozygote aphids occur extensively in cereal fields and adjoining grass verges, with resistance predominantly in one SA3 superclone. Furthermore, a second resistance mechanism in the form of pesticide detoxification has been detected in some SA3 clones, likely linked to enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity. Resistance mutations are frequently believed to carry fitness penalties. However, our research provides evidence that whilst the heterozygote kdr SA3 S. avenae superclone can survive pyrethroid exposure up to twice the normal field application rate, it continues to be able to reproduce asexually at rates comparable to fully susceptible individuals. Furthermore, under laboratory conditions sexual capacity is retained in the SA3 superclone, with the observation of oviparous morphs, creating the possibility of gene-flow through a wide range of (androcyclic, holocyclic and intermediate) breeding systems, and creation of kdr-homozygote offspring through sexual crossing between kdr-heterozygotes if heterozygote resistant male aphids are produced. These findings have serious implications for resistance management and the future efficacy of pyrethroid insecticides in controlling grain aphids and the associated risk of BYDV transmission in crops

Scaling-up urban agriculture for a healthy, sustainable and resilient food system: the postharvest benefits, challenges and key research gaps

Sustainably ensuring food security and safety for the urban population is a major challenge. In this perspective, we present the concept of rurbanisation (the ruralisation of urban areas through increased urban agriculture) as a holistic strategy to provide a resilient food system. In particular, we focus on the postharvest benefits of urban agriculture for environmentally sustainable food supply chains, enhanced nutritional content of fresh produce and access to fresh, local and seasonal food. However, upscaling current urban agricultural systems requires improvement in current technologies and local infrastructure as well as the transfer of knowledge and skills to new urban farmers. This perspective summarises the main challenges that urban agriculture is currently facing from a postharvest quality and safety point of view, and highlights the research gaps and opportunities for improvements in that area

Is urban growing of fruit and vegetables associated with better diet quality and what mediates this relationship? Evidence from a cross-sectional survey.

Urban agriculture (UA), the growing of fruits and vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas, may improve food security and access, public health and dietary quality on both a broad and personal scale. However, there is little research on the relationship between UA and diet, and potential mediating factors are also unclear. This study aimed to investigate if proximity to and engagement with UA is associated with better diet quality, and what accounts for this relationship. UK-based adults (N=583, 69% Female) completed measures of proximity to and engagement with UA, perceived access to fruits and vegetables, health and ethical food choice motivations, connection with nature, psychological distress and dietary quality in an online survey. Participants were recruited from UA-related groups and the general public. Proposed relationships were analysed using a structural equation model. Greater proximity to and engagement with UA was associated with greater perceived access to fruits and vegetables, more health-related food choice motivations, more ethical-related food choice, feeling more connected with nature, and, surprisingly greater psychological distress. Furthermore, proximity to and engagement with UA was indirectly associated with better diet quality via health-, and ethical-related, food choice motivations. While the direct pathway between proximity to and engagement with UA and diet quality was not significant, UA is associated with better diet quality, partly via healthier and ethical food choice motivations. Upscaling UA may have benefits for dietary quality via these factors, and more research is needed to test causal relationships and understand these complex interactions