The Polonnaruwa meteorite: oxygen isotope, crystalline and biological composition

Results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Triple Oxygen Isotope analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) studies are presented for stone fragments recovered from the North Central Province of Sri Lanka following a witnessed fireball event on 29 December 2012. The existence of numerous nitrogen depleted highly carbonaceous fossilized biological structures fused into the rock matrix is inconsistent with recent terrestrial contamination. Oxygen isotope results compare well with those of CI and CI-like chondrites but are inconsistent with the fulgurite hypothesis.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, 4 table

A Case of Chronic Intussusception ; Excision of 42 Inches of Small Intes Tine; Recovery.

n/

Vitamins D and A in Alfalfa Hay

Every farmer knows that adequate amount of vitamin D and A are needed in order to maintain vigorous health, good growth, and efficient production in his livestock. This need has been well established by carefully controlled experimental work and by farm observations. It brings into sharp focus problem of finding the most economical means of providing these important nutrients

Constipation, From Stricture, During Forty-Three Days.

n/

A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History

Neither economics nor political science can explain the process of modern social development. The fact that developed societies always have developed economies and developed polities suggests that the connection between economics and politics must be a fundamental part of the development process. This paper develops an integrated theory of economics and politics. We show how, beginning 10,000 years ago, limited access social orders developed that were able to control violence, provide order, and allow greater production through specialization and exchange. Limited access orders provide order by using the political system to limit economic entry to create rents, and then using the rents to stabilize the political system and limit violence. We call this type of political economy arrangement a natural state. It appears to be the natural way that human societies are organized, even in most of the contemporary world. In contrast, a handful of developed societies have developed open access social orders. In these societies, open access and entry into economic and political organizations sustains economic and political competition. Social order is sustained by competition rather than rent-creation. The key to understanding modern social development is understanding the transition from limited to open access social orders, which only a handful of countries have managed since WWII.

Visual fields and ocular conditions in accessory sinus affections

• The optic nerves, optic canals, sphenoid bone, chiasma and central artery of the retina vary greatly in their relations. The optic canals vary greatly in length in different subjects, and often slightly in the same subject. They are much longer than is usually supposed. The central artery of the retina arises from the ophthalmic much further back than is usually believed, and sometimes within the optic canal if that structure be long. The intra cranial portions of the optic nerves vary in length from 7 m.m. to 14.5 m.m., and the diameter from 3.5 m.m. to 6.5 m.m. in different subjects. The table of bone between the limbus sphenoidalis and the olivary eminence (i.e.,the roof of the sphenoid sinus) varies in antero -posterior length from 4.5. m.m. to 9 m.m. ,but is usually about 5 m.m. This is of importance because only when it is large can the optic chiasma rest upon it, explaining the infrequency of bi- temporal heinianopsia in sphenoidal sinusitis. The Pituitary fossa,in antero -posterior diameter, from 5.5. m. ?2. to 11.5 m.m. ,more usually the latter; when it is large the table of bone above -mentioned is small and vice versa. The optic chiasma may be so anterior as to occupy the usually accepted position in the optic sulcus of the sphenoid bone, but only very rarely, much more usually it lies over the pituitary fossa. • Some form of visual field contraction occurs in 90 per cent of all cases. The visual fields for green and red, particularly the former, are, with rare exceptions, much more contrac- ted than the field for white. Therefore, white and green are the best tests to employ. General - more or less concentric - contraction occurred in about 76 per cent of cases, and is the most frequently observed. Temporal contraction occurred 15 times, or 50 per cent, and 8 of those 15 were bitemporal contractions; but bi-temporal hemianopsia is extremely rare. Altitudinal contraction occurred in 8 cases. A small island of vision may remain long after the rest of the nerve has become blind from papilloedema. Central scotoma is said to be the field defect usually observed in sinus affections, it is uncommon only occurring twice in this series, because most of the cases are chronic, and the toxins only affect the nerve by filtration and therefore affect the peripheral fibres (producing peripheral contractions), as the macular fibres of the nerve, excepting near the globe, are central in position (within the nerve); whereas in acute cases central scotoma is observed as it is either produced by pressure or by the toxins being conveyed by the blood stream. Bi-temporal hemianopsia is the only characteristic field of vision of a particular sinus, and that sinus the sphenoidal: because it can only be produced by involvement of the chiasma. Bi-temporal contractions are most usually observed in sphenoidal sinusitis, because the nasal sides of the nerves are in contact with that sinus. The visual field contractions are of much the sane_ character in the acute and chronic cases, though differing greatly in onset. Visual field contractions in association with nasal suppuration point: strongly to the suppuration being of sinus origin, and therefore the fields are an aid to diagnosis. Visual field contractions do not occur apparently in mucoceles, because they are unassociated with toxins. The contractions observed are not due to reflex irritation of the nose. They may be caused by direct pressure either within the optic canal by swelling, or within the nerve sheath by hydrops vaginae nervi optici, causing pressure, or by optic neuritis. But in chronic cases most frequently by percolation of toxins from the sinus cavity through the wall into the orbit affecting the nerve directly. This is usually unassociated with ophthalmoscopic changes. The visual fields may be contracted by post -operative oedema, pressing upon the optic nerve. The visual fields may become rapidly contracted, and restored by treatment; but treatment in the chronic has often little or no effect, because either the nerve is permanently damaged, or that sufficient toxin passes through from the pus which is usually secreted for a long time after operation, to keep up the contraction; or that the nerves only slowly recover in these chronic cases. • Optic neuritis may be in the form of Retro-bulbar which is rare and only occurs in acute cases: or as a Fine Hazy Neuritis usually observed in chronic cases, and is not uncommon; or as Choked Disc (Papilloedema) which is rare, and generally associated with chronic cases; and as Gross Neuritis, which, when present, is usually in acute cases. The Hazy neuritis may be observed in any of the sinuses and is probably due to toxins causing hydrops vaginae nervi optici and pressure upon the nerve. Choked Disc can probably only occur in the posterior group of sinuses, and is due to oedema within the optic canal caused by the toxin; and gross neuritis by inflammatory changes within the nerve by toxins brought by the blood stream and lymphatics, and mostly observed in the posterior group of sinuses. The kind of neuritis and its intensity is some guide to the sinus involved and the variety of sinusitis, but not absolutely. The neuritic process may be very intense and very acute in onset, and under appropriate treatment recovery may by very rapid. Vision may be almost completely restored after weeks of absolute blindness, and after neuritis has been present for even years with suitable treatment of the sinus affected, blindness and intense neuritis do not necessarily mean a bad prognosis. Atrophy may supervene in some degree, either as post-neuritic, or presenting the appearance of a primary atrophy. • Hippus reaction of the pupils in sinus affections is not infrequently observed, and for which there is no cdequate explanation. • The Central Artery may become obstructed from pressure or inflammatory oedema of the vascular coats, and present the appearance of embolus. • Muscular paralysis and paresis is not commonly due to sinus affections as is generally supposed. Myositis may occur. • Acute and chronic, primary, and secondary glaucoma may be excited by sinusitis; the primary by venous stasis, and the secondary by inflammatory affections of the uveal tract. • Affections of the Uveal tract are very uncommon, because the ciliary arteries by which toxins enter the globe are so well protected by a thick mass of fat from the sinuses. • From the foregoing conclusions, it is clear that the nose must be examined in all obscure ocular conditions