For people who like to smoke (a brief history of cigarette advertising)

Includes bibliographical references.The advertising of cigarettes has been controversial subject for many years. The purpose of this report has been to provide a somewhat brief examination of cigarette advertising from it's origins to the present day, inclusive of all media. Through research in the field of cigarette advertising, ads and other promotions from the entire period covered were examined, and works regarding government policy and consumer behavior relating to the advertising of cigarettes were examined as well. Although it was not initially planned to be as such, the paper presents an argument for the abolition of all cigarette advertising through evidence about such advertising's effects, the behavior and intentions of cigarette manufacturers in the past as well as the present, and also experiences with similar bans in other countries

A forage-only diet alters the metabolic response of horses in training

Most athletic horses are fed a high-starch diet despite the risk of health problems. Replacing starch concentrate with high-energy forage would alleviate these health problems, but could result in a shift in major substrates for muscle energy supply from glucose to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) due to more hindgut fermentation of fibre. Dietary fat inclusion has previously been shown to promote aerobic energy supply during exercise, but the contribution of SCFA to exercise metabolism has received little attention. This study compared metabolic response with exercise and lactate threshold (VLa4) in horses fed a forage-only diet (F) and a more traditional high-starch, low-energy forage diet (forage–concentrate diet - FC). The hypothesis was that diet F would increase plasma acetate concentration and increase VLa4 compared with diet FC. Six Standardbred geldings in race training were used in a 29-day change-over experiment. Plasma acetate, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), lactate, glucose and insulin concentrations and venous pH were measured in samples collected before, during and after a treadmill exercise test (ET, day 25) and muscle glycogen concentrations before and after ET. Plasma acetate concentration was higher before and after exercise in horses on diet F compared with diet FC, and there was a tendency ( P50.09) for increased VLa4 on diet F. Venous pH and plasma glucose concentrations during exercise were higher in horses on diet F than diet FC, as was plasma NEFA on the day after ET. Plasma insulin and muscle glycogen concentrations were lower for diet F, but glycogen utilisation was similar for the two diets. The results show that a high-energy, forage-only diet alters the metabolic response to exercise and, with the exception of lowered glycogen stores, appears to have positive rather than negative effects on performance traits

The sociology of teaching

467 p. : ill.; 21 c