Variation of the phenolic composition and a-glucosidase inhibition potential of seeds, soaked seeds, and sprouts of four wild forms and four varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

The determination of the changes in the composition of bioactive phenolic compounds of germinating seeds which accumulate high levels of these compounds could contribute to the understanding of the germination mechanism and the development of markers for the selection of plant genotypes. In the current study, the changes in the phenolic composition and a-glucosidase inhibition activity, taking place during the germination of four wild forms and four varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Durango Mexico, were determined. A total of 66 phenolic compounds (19 phenolic acids, 18 isoflavones, 18 flavonol glycosides, 3 flavonol aglycones, 3 flavones, 2 dihydroflavonoids, 2 chalcones and one non-identified type) were found by HPLC-DAD, which were differentially accumulated by the seeds, 24 h-soaked seeds, and 4 day-sprouts of each genotype. The accumulation of the flavonol aglycones, myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol was distinctive of the wild seeds. Soaking not only caused leaching and degradation but also triggered the synthesis of new phenolic compounds whereas germination diversified the composition of isoflavones and flavonol glycosides. The seeds of all genotypes analyzed were important inhibitors of a-glucosidase, improving their potential after soaking and germination. The results suggested that the structure rather than the concentration of the flavonoids and phenolic acids determined the inhibitory potential of a-glucosidase of samples. The principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed HPLC-DAD phenolic profiles as genotype-specific chemomarkers at any of the states (seeds, soaked seeds, and sprouts). The results have wide implications on agronomy and food quality

Frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de los polimorfismos *2, *3 y *4 del gen CYP2C19 en poblaciones de origen Huichol, Cora y Tepehuana de Nayarit y Durango

Los genes del CYP450 son altamente polimórficos, lo que determina la síntesis de enzimas con actividad disminuida, incrementada o sin actividad. Las enzimas del CYP2C son bien conocidas por su importancia clínica para metabolizar más del 20% de todos los medicamentos. La subfamilia del CYP2C, comprenden tres genes CYP2C8, CYP2C9 y CYP2C19, este último metaboliza el 2% de todos los fármacos. Hay una marcada variabilidad interétnica en la frecuencia de las variantes alélicas del CYP2C19, *2, *3 y *4 las cuales están asociadas con una mayor prevalencia del fenotipo metabolizador pobre. Métodos: se usó PCR en tiempo real para evaluar los polimorfismos *2, *3 y *4 del gen CYP2C19 en 150 individuos de tres diferentes comunidades indígenas (Huicholes, Coras y Tepehuanos) de Durango y Nayarit. Resultados: La frecuencia del alelo CYP2C19*2 se encontró con una frecuencia de en Huicholes 0.09 (9%), 0.08 (8%) en Coras y 0.1 (10%) en Tepehuanos; mientras que los Polimorfismos CYP2C19*3 y *4 no se encontraron en estas poblaciones de estudio. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio genético en poblaciones indígenas de Durango y Nayarit podrían ser importantes para determinar las directrices en los tratamientos de medicamentos en estas poblaciones