Remote Control and Experience at ESO

Remote observing can be broadly defined as those observations where the astronomer is not physically present at the telescope. Different implementations presently in use include robotic telescopes, service observing with or without eavesdropping and active remote observing. We briefly describe the terminology, the pros and cons, the observing modes, and their implementation at optical observatories. In the second part of the paper, we discuss the example of remote observing with ESO's NTT. Different aspects of the technical setup and the support given to observers, with emphasis on problems encountered, are described. With the present system, we find that the observing efficiencies for local and remote observing are identical: few projects still require local observations.Comment: Review talk given at conf. on New Observing Modes For The Next Century (Hawaii, July 1995). 9 pages, 2 (ps) figures available on request from [email protected]

Measuring the Impact of the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) on Irrigation Efficiency and Water Conservation

Since the passage of the 1996 Farm Act, the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) has provided over $10 billion in technology adoption subsidies. One of the national conservation priorities in EQIP is water conservation, but it is not known how participation in EQIP by irrigators affects water application rates and decisions to expand or reduce a farm’s irrigated acreage. Using a farm-level panel data set drawn from three national samples of irrigators taken in 1998, 2003, and 2008, this study provides the first national scale econometric estimates of the changes in water application rates and irrigated acreage that result when a farm receives EQIP payments. Due to a five-fold increase in EQIP funding following the 2002 farm bill, the change in EQIP participation between 2008 and earlier years is largely the result of an exogenous policy shock. A difference-in-differences estimator that exploits this change in EQIP funding and also controls for unobserved farm-specific variables, suggests that for the average farm participating in EQIP between 2004 and 2008, the EQIP payments may have reduced water application rates but also may have increased total water use and led to an expansion in irrigated acreage. However, since EQIP participation is voluntary, there may still be a need to correct for bias due to sample selection. A nearest neighbor matching estimator finds no evidence of any statistically significant effect of EQIP participation on technology adoption rates, water use, water application rates or acreages, which suggests that there is a high degree of self-selection into the program.EQIP, irrigation efficiency, water conservation, difference-in-differences, matching estimator, Environmental Economics and Policy,

A Globally Flexible Model for Crop Yields Under Weather Risk

The literature on climate change and crop yields recognizes the need to allow for highly non-linear marginal effects. This study combines these two areas of the literature by using Flexible Fourier Transforms (FFT’s) to ensure flexibility for both the time trend and the weather effects. This study also illustrates how FFT’s can be combined with quantile regression (QR) to provide both robustness to outliers and information on the scale effects of time and weather variables. For U.S. county level data on corn, soybeans, and winter wheat, we estimate the relationship between yield and temperature and precipitation using a traditional parametric expected-yield estimator, our quantile-FFT regression evaluated at the median, and our QR-FFT regression that incorporates information on the tails of the distribution. We find that quadratic terms are not sufficient for capturing nonlinearities in the relationship between yield and the explanatory variables.Crop yield distributions, flexible fourier transforms, quantile regression, Crop Production/Industries, Risk and Uncertainty,

The Ethanol Decade: An Expansion of U.S. Corn Production, 2000-09

The recent 9-billion-gallon increase in corn-based ethanol production, which resulted from a combination of rising gasoline prices and a suite of Federal bioenergy policies, provides evidence of how farmers altered their land-use decisions in response to increased demand for corn. As some forecasts had suggested, corn acreage increased mostly on farms that previously specialized in soybeans. Other farms, however, offset this shift by expanding soybean production. Farm-level data reveal that the simultaneous net expansion of corn and soybean acreage resulted from a reduction in cotton acreage, a shift from uncultivated hay to cropland, and the expansion of double cropping (consecutively producing two crops of either like or unlike commodities on the same land within the same year).Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), bioenergy, ethanol, indirect effects, land use, corn production, environmental impacts, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

SCOTUS on Cert: a Look at the Blackmun Papers

Many studies aim to capture the influence of the Supreme Court over political actors who provide information to the justices. However, it seems reasonable to suggest that the reciprocal effect might also occur. Certain groups and individuals, hence political actors, might influence the Court through information mechanisms. With increasing requests for certiorari and thousands of cases being petitioned to the Court, the justices are faced with the daunting task of trying to decide which cases merit review. Reviewing 80-100 cases a year, the justices must rely upon political actors to help ease their burden of decision making. Employing the Blackmun Papers, this paper seeks to analyze whether the recommendation made by the justices\u27 law clerks in the pool memoranda influence the Court\u27s decision to grant certiorari. Finding clerk recommendation influences decision making, I further analyze whether the content of the memos--what the law clerks write in them--significantly influences the justices\u27 decision to grant cert. The results indicate that certain groups and individuals (i.e., lower court judges, attorneys, and the parties of a case), who provide information in the pool memoranda, significantly increase the likelihood a case will be granted certiorari, suggesting the justices consider information provisions of political actors when making decisions on cert

Production of external mycelium by ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Norway spruce forest was reduced in response to nitrogen fertilization

A field study was carried out to evaluate the influence of N fertilization on the growth of the external mycelium of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi in a Norway spruce forest in SW Sweden. Nylon mesh bags filled with sand were buried in the soil for 6-18 months and the ingrowth of mycelium was used as an estimate of EM mycelial growth. Root-isolated, trenched plots were used to estimate background growth of saprotrophic fungi. Mycelial growth of EM fungi in N-treated plots was reduced to c. 50% of that in nonfertilized plots. Local addition of apatite stimulated the EM mycelial growth in N-treated plots. The negative influence of N on the growth of external EM mycelium observed earlier in laboratory studies was confirmed in the present field study. The growth of EM mycelia was not directly related to N concentration in the soil but rather to the N status of the trees, although other factors induced by the N treatment may also have influenced EM mycelial growth

The vertical distribution of N and K uptake in relation to root distribution and root uptake capacity in mature Quercus robur , Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies stands

We have measured the uptake capacity of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) from different soil depths by injecting 15N and caesium (Cs; as an analogue to K) at 5 and 50cm soil depth and analysing the recovery of these markers in foliage and buds. The study was performed in monocultures of 40-year-old pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) located at an experimental site in Palsgård, Denmark. The markers were injected as a solution through plastic tubes around 20 trees of each species at either 5 or 50cm soil depth in June 2003. After 65days foliage and buds were harvested and the concentrations of 15N and Cs analysed. The recovery of 15N in the foliage and buds tended to be higher from 5 than 50cm soil depth in oak whereas they where similar in spruce and beech after compensation for differences in immobilization of 15N in the soil. In oak more Cs was recovered from 5 than from 50cm soil depth whereas in beech and spruce no difference could be detected. Out of the three investigated tree species, oak was found to have the lowest capacity to take up Cs at 50cm soil depth compared to 5cm soil depth also after compensating for differences in discrimination against Cs by the roots. The uptake capacity from 50cm soil depth compared with 5cm was higher than expected from the root distribution except for K in oak, which can probably be explained by a considerable overlap of the uptake zones around the roots and mycorrhizal hyphae in the topsoil. The study also shows that fine roots at different soil depths with different physiological properties can influence the nutrient uptake of trees. Estimates of fine root distribution alone may thus not reflect the nutrient uptake capacity of trees with sufficient accuracy. Our study shows that deep-rooted trees such as oak may have lower nutrient uptake capacity at deeper soil layers than more shallow-rooted trees such as spruce, as we found no evidence that deep-rooted trees obtained proportionally more nutrients from deeper soil layers. This has implications for models of nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems that use the distribution of roots as the sole criterion for predicting uptake of nutrients from different soil depth

Risk factors for psychopathology in children with intellectual disability: A prospective longitudinal population-based study

Background: This study examined risk factors for the development of psychopathology in children with intellectual disability (ID) in the developmental, biological, family and social-ecological domains. Methods: A population sample of 968 children, aged 6-18, enrolled in special schools in the Netherlands for educable and trainable ID were assessed at Time 1. A random 58% were re-contacted about 1 year later, resulting in a sample of 474 at Time 2. Results: Psychopathology was highly consistent over 1 year. Risk factors jointly accounted for significant, but small, portions of the variance in development of psychopathology. Child physical symptoms, family dysfunction and previous parental mental health treatment reported at Time 1 were uniquely associated with new psychopathology at Time 2. Conclusions: Prevention and early intervention research to find ways to reduce the incidence of psychopathology, possibly targeting family functioning, appear important. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Long‐term nitrogen enrichment does not increase microbial phosphorus mobilization in a northern coniferous forest

* Nitrogen (N) deposition can enhance carbon (C) capture and storage in northern coniferous forests but it may also enhance the demand for phosphorus (P). While it is well established that long‐term N enrichment can decrease decomposition and enhance the accumulation of C in soils, it remains uncertain if a higher demand and acquisition of P influence soil C. * We studied microbial phosphorus mobilization and growth within a long‐term N enrichment experiment in a Norway spruce forest, where N deposition was simulated by adding 0, 12.5 or 50 kg N ha−1 year−1 for 21 years (n = 12), by incubating microbial ingrowth cores with needles and humus with low and high P content, and with sand with and without mineral apatite P. * Long‐term N enrichment had no effect on microbial P mobilization in needles and humus and did not enhance the positive effect that apatite had on fungal growth. However, it consistently strengthened the retention of C in the soil by decreasing decomposition of needle and humus, both with low and high P content, and by increasing fungal growth in sand‐filled ingrowth cores. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence that higher microbial P mobilization in response to N enrichment affected soil C storage. * These results show that long‐term N enrichment in relatively young soils dominated by coniferous trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi can have relatively small impact on microbial P mobilization from organic sources and on the potential to mobilize P from minerals, and subsequently that elevated P demand due to N enrichment is unlikely to lead to a reduction in the soil C accumulation rate