Reforming Tastes: Taste as a Print Aesthetic in American Cookery Writing

Many eighteenth-century philosophers such as Kant and Hume worked to develop discourses of taste as a means of standardizing cultural behaviors. Using physical taste as a metaphor for aesthetic perception and judgment, these writers could both define and abstract group boundaries. As American writers worked to distinguish their nation from their British forebears, many recognized the utility of taste-based discourse and worked to develop cultural tastes around shared principles of egalitarianism and democracy. Cookbooks and domestic writing soon engaged these discourses, as it was the task of women to cultivate a virtuous citizenry, and—through domestic print culture—to demonstrate the deleterious effect of unrestrained individual appetites on the progress of an American public. Cookbooks, however, complicate the metaphor of taste by their necessary emphasis on the physical body, its appetites and limitations. A study of cookbooks exposes methods of constructing of cultural tastes; cookbooks are thus essential to a complete examination of the development of American tastes. Throughout the nineteenth century, domestic writers engaged and developed discourses of taste in cookery writing in order to dictate cultural standards based on their material counterparts, be they food or consumer habits. They worked to classify society based on performance of these tastes. This discourse allocookbook authors access to public debate on a variety of topics, from national politics to religious movements. Since its development as a significant component of early American print culture, cookery writing has exercised its public potential by manipulating taste, a function of both nature and culture, to engineer specific social behaviors or to define and critique group boundaries. No other print documents depict more fully the complex negotiation of individual and social body that this discussion requires. Taste is a function of the individual that requires a communal system of language to convey. It is a natural function of the human body that can also shape the social body. The use of taste to represent and convey cultural ideologies rests on this paradox

Side-to-Side Comparison of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty and Intact Function in Individuals

Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA) is a surgery which replaces the shoulder joint, or the interface between the humerus and the scapula glenoid. To test TSA success, most prior research compares patients with TSA to healthy controls. However, the shoulder anthropometry, motion, and musculature of individuals varies widely across the population making it important to assess TSA performance in individuals. The overall goal of this study is to determine if patients with one of two TSA implant designs on one side achieve the same range of motion as their intact side, and if so to find if they compensate using increased scapula rotation over normal humeral motion. Six TSA subjects performed for each shoulder abduction, forward flexion, and internal/external (I/E) humerus rotation with their arm abducted to 0° and 90°, captured as x-ray videos with a Radiography System. Glenohumeral and scapulothoracic kinematics were calculated. Results show that TSA shoulder trends for abduction and flexion lie within the range of healthy standard deviation for both glenohumeral and scapulothoracic elevation. No substantial differences were observed between TSA and healthy shoulders’ overall motion but that the scapula exhibits some compensation in elevation for TSA shoulders, especially in flexion. I/E implanted shoulder results additionally show a deficit compared to intact shoulders, with scapula retraction compensation presenting more strongly with the arm abducted to 0° than at 90°

Five Sided

Sada Kernodle: There are seven billion people existing on this earth. That’s seven billion unique and complex minds viewing our natural world. My work includes images of organic life with the physical world. Through this, I hope to inspire those billions of minds to create, explore, and gradually heal through the process of making art. The combination of the human mind, body, and spirit with nature in its rawest form, has the ability to create powerful art pieces. This is the new global footprint for the world. Elliecia Hall: My art is about balance and imbalance. It’s both light and dark. I take dark themes and present them through a feminine and colorful lens. Feminine things are often perceived as innocent and naive, but I’ve never felt that to be true to my experience. I use art to articulate myself more fully; to bring life to the anger in my heart as much as the joy in my soul. Dreams and nightmares have had such an effect on my life. Most of my earliest memories have been of my sleeping world. And while my world is affected so strongly by the darkness of sleep, I see the world in vibrant color, and look to paint my illustrations in the same way I see everything around me. Josh Kukowski: I am an artist with his mind in the future. I find myself obsessed with the unknown that the future holds. My work should evoke the sense of wonder and motivation that is felt when we sent the first man to space and the first man to the moon. I create scenes with visual and textual reality, so others join me, invited into the world and experience the wonder yet unknown. My work focuses on scale and the scale of humans to their creations that already is and could be in the future. I want people to view my work and find themselves swept from the pres¬ent, where many seem to be stuck, and into my future. Kaitlynn Moslen: Watercolor has been my medium of choice for years because of its ability to slowly build the scene with con¬trolled washes of color. The gossamer layers of watercolor have an enchanting effect translating the narratives I explore. Dreams often reflect my emotional state in subtle, surreal ways. I consider the symbols and incon¬gruities in my dreams and I often arrive at revelations or find solutions to problems. My dreams operate with insight at a level beyond what I have in the waking world. These are translated into my artwork through the expression of a human figure along with symbolic aspects of the natural world. This usually includes serene bodies of water, trees and foliage found in unexpected places, and docile forest animals. Sarah Walden: Ever since I was a little girl my mother inspired me in the gardens with her flowers. It is in the gardens that I found my inspiration for art. Working in the garden is inspiring to me. I want to be a part of the process that points to the path of art. Illustrative images affects the influence of my viewers. I intend to express deep sublim¬inal images to spark creativity within my viewers lives, that will encourage them to work for a better future as well. The subliminal in my work deals with human emotions and experiences. Art can be used to heal and bring people together to make a change. A few people can be a big change. The mission for my art is to inspire others, so that I may inspire the rest of the world to save itself though creativity. Though the elements of art, expression is created, transferring knowledge from the artist to the viewer. Art is more than just materiality; it is the silent language of color and form that speaks to the consciousness of the audience

It’s in the Fine Print: Erasable Three-Dimensional Laser-Printed Micro- and Nanostructures

3D printing, on all scales, is currently a vibrant topic in scientific and industrial research as it has enormous potential to radically change manufacturing. Owing to the inherent nature of the manufacturing process, 3D printed structures may require additional material to structurally support complex features. Such support material must be removed after printing—sometimes termed subtractive manufacturing—without adversely affecting the remaining structure. An elegant solution is the use of photoresists containing labile bonds that allow for controlled cleavage with specific triggers. Herein, we explore state‐of‐the‐art cleavable photoresists for 3D direct laser writing, as well as their potential to combine additive and subtractive manufacturing in a hybrid technology. We discuss photoresist design, feature resolution, cleavage properties, and current limitations of selected examples. Furthermore, we share our perspective on possible labile bonds, and their corresponding cleavage trigger, which we believe will have a critical impact on future applications and expand the toolbox of available cleavable photoresists

Two-colour light activated covalent bond formation

We introduce a photochemical bond forming system, where two colours of light are required to trigger covalent bond formation. Specifically, we exploit a visible light cis/trans isomerization of chlorinated azobenzene, which can only undergo reaction with a photochemically generated ketene in its cis state. Detailed photophysical mapping of the reaction efficiencies at a wide range of monochromatic wavelengths revealed the optimum irradiation conditions. Subsequent small molecule and polymer ligation experiments illustrated that only the application of both colours of light affords the reaction product. We further extend the functionality to a photo reversible ketene moiety and translate the concept into material science. The presented reaction system holds promise to be employed as a two-colour resist

Multiresponsive Dielectric Metasurfaces Based on Dual Light‐ and Temperature‐Responsive Copolymers

Abstract Tunability is essential for unlocking a range of practical applications of high‐efficiency metasurface‐based nanophotonic devices and systems. Increased research efforts in this area during recent years led to significant progress regarding tuning mechanisms, speed, and diverse active functionalities. However, so far almost all the demonstrated works are based on a single type of physical stimulus, thereby excluding important opportunities to enhance the modulation range of the metadevices, the available design options, as well as interaction channels between the metadevices and their environment. In this article, it is experimentally demonstrated that multi‐responsive metasurfaces can be realized by combining asymmetric, highly resonant metasurfaces with multi‐responsive polymeric materials. The respective copolymers combine light‐ and temperature‐responsive comonomers in an optimized ratio. This work demonstrates clearly reversible light‐responsive, temperature‐responsive, and co‐responsive tuning of the metasurface optical resonance positions at near‐infrared wavelengths, featuring maximum spectral resonance shifts of nearly twice the full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum and accompanied by more than 60% absolute modulation in transmittance. This work provides new design freedom for multifunctional metadevices and can potentially be expanded to other types of copolymers as well. Furthermore, the studied hybrid multiresponsive systems are promising candidates for multi‐dimensional sensing applications.Light and temperature‐responsive polymers are integrated with asymmetric silicon metasurfaces for dual‐responsive tuning of their transmittance. Reversible resonance shifts induced by light exposure, temperature changes or a combination of both stimuli are experimentally demonstrated. This work paves the way for multiresponsive metasurface components and is promising for multi‐dimensional interactive smart optical devices. imag

Near Infrared Light Induced Radical Polymerization in Water

We introduce a gold nanorod (AuNR) driven methodology to induce free radical polymerization in water with near infrared light (800 nm). The process exploits photothermal conversion in AuNR and subsequent heat transfer to a radical initiator (here azobisisobutyronitrile) for primary radical generation. A broad range of reaction conditions were investigated, demonstrating control over molecular weight and reaction conversion of dimethylacrylamide polymers, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We underpin our experimental data with finite element simulation of the spatio-temporal temperature profile surrounding the AuNR directly after femtosecond laser pulse excitation. Critically, we evidence that polymerization can be induced through biological tissues given the enhanced penetration depth of the near infrared light. We submit that the presented initiation mechanism in aqueous systems holds promise for radical polymerization in biological environments, including cells

Sequence-independent activation of photocycloadditions using two colours of light

We exploit two reactive chromophores to establish sequence-independent photochemical activation, employing ortho-methyl benzaldehyde (oMBA) and N,N-(dimethylamino)pyrene aryl tetrazole (APAT) with N-(2-hydroxy)ethyl maleimide (NHEM), without any additives. Critically, the order of the irradiation sequence is irrelevant, as the shorter wavelength does not activate the higher wavelength activated species. Therefore, full sequence-independent λ-orthogonality is achieved through differences in both the reaction quantum yields (Φr,oMBA and Φr,APAT) and wavelength-dependent reactivity profiles of the employed chromophore

Visible light-induced switching of soft matter materials properties based on thioindigo photoswitches

Thioindigos are visible light responsive photoswitches with excellent spatial control over the conformational change between their trans- and cis- isomers. However, they possess limited solubility in all conventional organic solvents and polymers, hindering their application in soft matter materials. Herein, we introduce a strategy for the covalent insertion of thioindigo units into polymer main chains, enabling thioindigos to function within crosslinked polymeric hydrogels. We overcome their solubility issue by developing a thioindigo bismethacrylate linker able to undergo radical initiated thiol-ene reaction for step-growth polymerization, generating indigo-containing polymers. The optimal wavelength for the reversible trans-/cis- isomerisation of thioindigo was elucidated by constructing a detailed photochemical action plot of their switching efficiencies at a wide range of monochromatic wavelengths. Critically, indigo-containing polymers display significant photoswitching of the materials’ optical and physical properties in organic solvents and water. Furthermore, the photoswitching of thioindigo within crosslinked structures enables visible light induced modulation of the hydrogel stiffness. Both the thioindigo-containing hydrogels and photoswitching processes are non-toxic to cells, thus offering opportunities for advanced applications in soft matter materials and biology-related research

Wavelength-Gated Photochemical Synthesis of Phenalene Diimides

Herein, we pioneer a wavelength‐gated synthesis route to phenalene diimides. Consecutive Diels–Alder reactions of methylisophthalaldehydes and maleimides afford hexahydro‐phenalene‐1,6‐diol diimides via 5‐formyl‐hexahydro‐benzo[f]isoindoles as the intermediate. Both photoreactions are efficient (82–99 % yield) and exhibit excellent diastereoselectivity (62–98 % d.r.). The wavelength‐gated nature of the stepwise reaction enables the modular construction of phenalene diimide scaffolds by choice of substrate and wavelength. Importantly, this synthetic methodology opens a facile avenue to a new class of persistent phenalenyl diimide neutral radicals, constituting a versatile route to spin‐active molecules