Figuring finance : London's new financial world and the iconography of speculation, circa 1689-1763

This thesis examines the ways in which the new financial world of early eighteenth-century London was interpreted, understood and represented through visual forms. The focus of the thesis is on the years between circa 1689 and 1763; that is from the Nine Years War, when deficit finance was first established, until the end of the Seven Years War, by which point its existence was more broadly accepted. It argues that these financial innovations had a determining impact upon the production of visual imagery, especially that produced by the London print market, and that images themselves were instrumental in the debates generated by an increasingly speculative financial world. Following an introduction establishing the aims, methods and scope of the thesis, the chapters take the form of a series of thematic studies chosen to address key issues and images. Chapter one examines the depiction of the Royal Exchange and Exchange Alley in a range of polite topographical prints and graphic satires. This allows for an overview of desirable and disreputable representations of commercial conduct. Chapter two takes as its theme the early years of the Bank of England, East India Company and South Sea Company as principal government creditors. It looks at their rivalry for a position in public finance and the image each company promoted through the premises they built between 1725 and 1734. The third chapter considers the establishment of the national debt and its early management. Graphic satires feature prominently in effecting visual retribution on those suspected of financial misconduct. In Chapter four the state lottery is examined as a form of generating revenue directly from the public and considers the part played by graphic products in questioning this government-sanctioned speculation. The fifth chapter is concerned with the representation of gaming and examines the ways in which it might be adapted to signify both virtuous and inappropriate economic conduct. The concluding chapter focuses on the response of the print market and the press to the turnaround in fortunes in the Seven Years War and how they register an apparent acceptance of the new financial institutions and developments of the preceding half-century

Figuring finance : London's new financial world and the iconography of speculation, circa 1689-1763

This thesis examines the ways in which the new financial world of early eighteenth-century London was interpreted, understood and represented through visual forms. The focus of the thesis is on the years between circa 1689 and 1763; that is from the Nine Years War, when deficit finance was first established, until the end of the Seven Years War, by which point its existence was more broadly accepted. It argues that these financial innovations had a determining impact upon the production of visual imagery, especially that produced by the London print market, and that images themselves were instrumental in the debates generated by an increasingly speculative financial world. Following an introduction establishing the aims, methods and scope of the thesis, the chapters take the form of a series of thematic studies chosen to address key issues and images. Chapter one examines the depiction of the Royal Exchange and Exchange Alley in a range of polite topographical prints and graphic satires. This allows for an overview of desirable and disreputable representations of commercial conduct. Chapter two takes as its theme the early years of the Bank of England, East India Company and South Sea Company as principal government creditors. It looks at their rivalry for a position in public finance and the image each company promoted through the premises they built between 1725 and 1734. The third chapter considers the establishment of the national debt and its early management. Graphic satires feature prominently in effecting visual retribution on those suspected of financial misconduct. In Chapter four the state lottery is examined as a form of generating revenue directly from the public and considers the part played by graphic products in questioning this government-sanctioned speculation. The fifth chapter is concerned with the representation of gaming and examines the ways in which it might be adapted to signify both virtuous and inappropriate economic conduct. The concluding chapter focuses on the response of the print market and the press to the turnaround in fortunes in the Seven Years War and how they register an apparent acceptance of the new financial institutions and developments of the preceding half-century.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceArts and Humanities Research Board (Great Britain) (AHRB)GBUnited Kingdo

Hesiod and the didactic literature of the Near East

Une étude comparée des littératures proche-orientales peut nous aider à comprendre les « Travaux et les Jours » aussi bien que la « Théogonie » d'Hésiode. L'examen de divers textes sumériens, babyloniens, égyptiens et hittites montre que ce poème appartient à une tradition didactique qui était commune au Proche- Orient et à la Grèce. La littérature sumérienne nous suggère le plan de la fable du rossignol et du faucon et du calendrier d'Hésiode, tandis que les Sagesses de l'Egypte et de Babylone éclairent certains passages et certaines idées de son œuvre. Hésiode tente de conseiller son frère Perses. Le mythe d'Osiris, d'Horus et de Seth, de même que la légende hittite d'Appu, nous présentent des frères se querellant à propos d'un héritage. Ceci peut expliquer la modification apportée par Hésiode au tour habituel qui veut que les conseils soient donnés par un père à son fils.Walcot Peter. Hesiod and the didactic literature of the Near East. In: Revue des Études Grecques, tome 75, fascicule 354-355, Janvier-juin 1962. pp. 13-36

The composition of the Works and Days

En comparant la « Théogonie » et les « Travaux et les Jours », ou bien Hésiode et Homère, nous pouvons voir comment l'adoption de l'écriture entraîna certaines modifications dans la tradition orale des aèdes. Elle permit à Hésiode de faire l'essai de nouvelles formes, à partir surtout de la technique de la composition « annulaire ». Grâce à celle-ci, il réussit à introduire un élément de continuité dans les « Travaux et les Jours ». Elle est, pour ainsi dire, le ciment du poème et lui confère cette essentielle unité de structure qui se révèle à l'analyse. Au reste, Hésiode ne se limite pas à la répétition des mêmes mots et des mêmes formules, il fait également usage de sentiments et d'idées analogues.Walcot Peter. The composition of the Works and Days. In: Revue des Études Grecques, tome 74, fascicule 349-350, Janvier-juin 1961. pp. 1-19