Advancement, applications, and future directions of 3D models in breast cancer research: a comprehensive review

3D models have popped up as indispensable tools for breast cancer study, they provide a closersemblance of the multiplex cellular and cancer tissue microenvironment as compared toancient 2D cultures. Their utilization in BC research permits a better interpretation ofhemostasis, cell-to-cell, and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions, differentiation of cells,and tissue organization. 3D models qualify the exploration of numerous aspects regardingcancer progression, it also includes invasion of the tumor, cancer metastasis, and drugresistance, in a way that more precisely contemplates in vivo conditions. Hence, they provideda precise environment for research as compared to a complex in vivo host cell environment.This review highlights the importance of different 3D models in BC research, focusing on theircapability to enumerate complex disease physio-pathological features. This review explainsthe variety of 3D models utilized in BC research, encompassing Multicellular TumorSpheroids (MCTS), Three-Dimensional (3D) bioprinting, Organoid Models, Microfluidictechnologies, Organ on chip models, 3D hydrogel models and in silico approaches for BC,challenges and future of 3D models

Analytic Solution for the Drainage of Sisko Fluid Film Down a Vertical Belt

This paper deals with the drainage of Sisko fluid film down a vertical belt. It provides an approximate solution of the resulting non-linear and inhomogeneous ordinary differential equation using perturbation method (PM) and Adomian decomposition method (ADM). Comparison of the results obtained by both methods demonstrate that these series solutions are strictly identical but ADM is easy to compute and can be extended to any higher order. The important physical quantities like velocity profile, volume flow rate, average film velocity, shear stress, force exerted by the fluid film and vorticity vector are derived. The effects of fluid behaviour index, Stokes number and Sisko fluid parameter on some of these physical quantities are observed. Furthermore, we also made a comparison between the Sisko fluid film and Newtonian fluid film

On the analytic solution for the steady drainage of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Sisko fluid film down a vertical belt

This paper presents an analytic study for the steady drainage of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Sisko fluid film down a vertical belt. The fluid film is assumed to be electrically conducting in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field. An analytic solution for the resulting non linear ordinary differential equation is obtained using the Adomian decomposition method. The effects of various available parameters especially the Hartmann number are observed on the velocity profile, shear stress and vorticity vector to get a physical insight of the problem. Furthermore, the shear thinning and shear thickening characteristics of the Sisko fluid are discussed. The physical quantities discussed for the Sisko fluid film have also been discussed for the Newtonian fluid film and comparison between them made

PHYSICAL THERAPISTS AND NURSES’ KNOWLEDGE OF GLASGOW COMA SCALE WORKING IN HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL SETTINGS

Introduction: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a reproducible tool used to measure the depth and duration of the consciousness level of comatose patients, especially in emergency departments by healthcare professionals for neurological assessment. It is important for members of rehabilitation teams, specifically physical therapists (PTs) and nurses, to have knowledge of the GCS and the necessary skills to apply the scale and interpret the results. The present study is aimed to investigate and compare physiotherapist and nurses’ knowledge in using the GCS in hospital and clinical settings. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which a convenience sample of 1,300 participants was chosen, considering nurses from government and private hospitals and PTs from hospitals and clinics in Faisalabad. SPSS Version 20 was used to enter and analyse the data. Pearson chi-square was used to find out association and Independent Samples t-test was used to compare the knowledge of PT and Nurses. Results: The findings of study revealed that majority of the PTs (84.1%) had good knowledge of the GCS, yet only 2.9% of nurses had good knowledge. Most participants with good basic knowledge of the GCS lacked knowledge in the application and interpretation of GCS. Age, gender, educational level, and type of health facility were strongly associated with level of knowledge with significant p value<.001. The mean knowledge of nurses and physiotherapists was 59.84±14.65 and 89.81±8.45 respectively. Conclusion: The physical therapists' knowledge of the GCS was good compared to the knowledge of the nurse

Magnetic micro-swimmers propelling through bio-rheological liquid bounded within an active channel

The dynamics of a micro-organism swimming through a channel with undulating walls subject to constant transverse applied magnetic field is investigated. The micro-organism is modeled as self-propelling undulating sheet which is out of phase with the channel waves while the electrically conducting biofluid (through which micro-swimmers propel) is characterized by the non-Newtonian shear-rate dependent Carreau fluid model. Creeping flow is mobilized in the channel due to the self-propulsion of the micro-organism and the undulatory motion of narrow gapped walls. Under these conditions the conservation equations are formulated under the long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. The speed of the self-propelling sheet and the rate of work done at higher values of rheological parameters are obtained by using a hybrid numerical technique (MATLAB routine bvp-4c combined with a modified Newton-Raphson method). The results are validated through an alternative hybrid numerical scheme (implicit finite difference method (FDM) in conjunction with a modified Newton-Raphson method). The assisting role of magnetic field and rheological effects of the surrounding biofluid on the swimming mode are shown graphically and interpreted at length. The global behavior of biofluid is also expounded via visualization of the streamlines in both regions (above and below the swimming sheet) for realistic micro-organism speeds. The computations reveal that optimal swimming conditions for the micro-organism (i.e., greater speed with lower energy losses) are achievable in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) environments including magnetic field-assisted cervical treatments. Keywords: Micro-organism; peristaltic (active) channel; Carreau fluid; Swimming speed; biomagnetohydrodynamics (bioMHD); Rate of work done; Hybrid numerical method, Newton-Raphson method; Cervical magnetic therap

Analytic Solution for the Drainage of Sisko Fluid Film Down a Vertical Belt

Abstract This paper deals with the drainage of Sisko fluid film down a vertical belt. It provides an approximate solution of the resulting non-linear and inhomogeneous ordinary differential equation using perturbation method (PM) and Adomian decomposition method (ADM). Comparison of the results obtained by both methods demonstrate that these series solutions are strictly identical but ADM is easy to compute and can be extended to any higher order. The important physical quantities like velocity profile, volume flow rate, average film velocity, shear stress, force exerted by the fluid film and vorticity vector are derived. The effects of fluid behaviour index, Stokes number and Sisko fluid parameter on some of these physical quantities are observed. Furthermore, we also made a comparison between the Sisko fluid film and Newtonian fluid film