NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF DERIVATIVES OF LUPEOL IN RATS

Objective: The neuropharmacological activities of ethanolic extract derivatives of lupeol are being screened on rats. Prepared derivatives are evaluated for their locomotor, anxiolytic and stereotype activities. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the antipsychotic effect of semisynthetic derivatives of lupeol using rat models of elevated maze model and apomorphine-induced stereotype behavior.Methods: Lupeol was extracted from Crataeva nurvala bark using ethano. After chemical modification, we made different derivatives using aldol condensation. Different derivatives were obtained from a series of reaction previously published LAH-3, LAP-3, LAPEA-3, LAMP-3, LATS-3, and LAS-3. Neuropharmacological effects, including anxiolytic, central nervous inhibitory, and stereotype antipsychotic effects were evaluated in the different derivatives of lupeol at a dose of 250 mg/kg using standard methods.Results: The absolute derivatives of LAH3 and LAPEA3 showed a significant reduction in the activity score in actophotometer test. Reduction in the locomotor activity indicates central nervous system (CNS) depressant property of the drug. LAMP3 and LAS3 show a significant anxiolytic effect. From the result of elevated plus maze, it was evident that derivatives of lupeol treated animals exhibit an increased number of entries into open arm when compared to normal control, which shows the anxiolytic activity of the lupeol derivatives. Sniffing, rearing and licking activities for lupeol derivatives LAH3 and LAPEA3 were found to be 35%, 33%, and 40% and 40.33%, 38%, and 33.33% respectively when it compared with standard and control groups. This model is suggestive of the absence of negative symptoms alleviating property of all the treatment groups.Conclusions: The lupeol and its semisynthetic derivatives possess anxiolytic, CNS inhibitory, and antipsychotic effects to varying degree

VERSATILE RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT FOR QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF TELMISARTAN AND RAMIPRIL IN ANIMAL PLASMA

Objective: A fast, specific, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the quantitative determination of unchanged Ramipril (RAM) and Telmisartan (TEL) in animal plasma.Methods: Analytes were extracted from animal plasma, 250 µl of animal plasma sample were mixed with internal working standard (25 ngmL-1) with the further addition of chloroform (HPLC Grade, Merck). The clear organic layer was separated and reconstituted to 1 ml in mobile phase and analysed by HPLC. The method was validated and evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation.Results: Absorption maxima of TEL and RAM was found to be 270 and 273 nm respectively. TEL and RAM with their respective internal standards (I. S.) were found to be well separated from the co-eluted components and there were no interferences from the endogenous material. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were found to be 2.01±.05; 4.88±0.10 and 0.11 and 0.25 for TEL and RAM respectively on the basis of a signal to noise ratio. The ruggedness of the method at various parameters was found to be±1.94% and±1.02% for TEL and RAM respectively. The low values of %RSD (<2.0) for each of the drug proposed that during all deliberate variations, middle-quality control (MQC) was not affected and it was in accordance with that of actual.Conclusion: Thus developed High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was found to be more accurate, precise, sensitive, selective and reproducible

A Comprehensive Review of The Therapeutic Potential of Elaeocarpus Ganitrus

Elaeocarpus ganitrus, also known as Rudraksha, is a member of the Elaeocarpaceae family and has a long history of antidepressant and antibacterial benefits against various illnesses. Elaeocarpus ganitrus has been used in Unani and Ayurveda medicine as an antidepressant, an antibiotic, and as an external treatment for mental disease, epilepsy, liver discomfort, and stomach pain. In addition, it is used to treat a variety of other conditions, including hepatic diseases, dyspepsia, skin infections, blood purification, asthma, tumors, and wounds. Their biological effects include their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antifertility, antibacterial, and antidepressant properties. To further explore the trends and perspectives for future research, a thorough discussion of Elaeocarpus ganitrus' taxonomic classification, traditional uses, botanical description, phytochemical components, pharmacology, and safety aspects is required

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles decreases activity of rat brain when administered prenatally

Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are widely used in the sunscreens, toothpastes, and cosmetic products that the human use daily. Previous reports have proved that the impact of nanomaterials on brain activity is not negligible, especially for the people working in nanomaterials manufacturing factories. We are using titanium dioxide in our daily life in cosmetics, food industry and many other pharmaceutical products. So to keep a check on the threat what these chemicals may cause, we conducted a research to study effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on rat brain. This research gave us an insight of the possible threats it can cause to brain.Methods: The effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on brain activity were reported. Our studies showed that titanium dioxide nanoparticles have a differential tendency towards neurons. To insight the possible effect on titanium dioxide nanoparticles on neurobehaviour we conducted a conditioned avoidance response study using shuttle box analysis. In the study we administered the drug titanium dioxide nanoparticles prenatally and observed its effects by neurobehaviour studies in progenies of wistar rat.Results: In the results we observed that titanium dioxide nanoparticles have caused a decreased learning and memory behaviours as compared to control groups.Conclusions: We studied the neurobehaviour of progenies, when the drug was administered to rat brain prenatally. The results showed that the titanium dioxide nanoparticles particles have decreased the brain activity of the rat brain by showing decreased brain activity in progenies also

Primary and novel approaches for colon targeted drug delivery – A review

The colon is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs can take place. Local delivery could, for example, allow topical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment could be made more effective if it were possible for drugs to be targeted directly on the colon. Systemic side effects could also be reduced. Colon specific systems might also allow oral administration of peptide and protein drugs, which are normally inactivated in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Primary approaches for CDDS (Colon Specific Drug Delivery), which includes prodrugs, pH and time dependent systems and microbially triggered drug delivery system achieved limited success and having limitations. Newly developed CDDS, which includes pressure controlled colonic delivery capsules (PCDCS), CODESTM and osmotic controlled drug delivery are unique in terms of achieving in vivo site specificity and feasibility of manufacturing process. This review also focuses on evaluations of CDDS in general.Keywords: Colon drug delivery systems; Primary approaches; Newly developed approaches; evaluation of colon targeted drug delivery system

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF N-HEPTACOSANYL OLEATE FROM THE WHOLE AERIAL PARTS OF CENTELLA ASIATICA LINN.

ABSTRACTVarious studies have already been performed involving the whole aerial parts of Centella asiatica (L.) (Umbelliferae), commonly known as gotu kola orjalbrahmi, and thus, the present investigation has been carried out for the phytochemical study of an ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of C. asiatica.To perform this activity, the drug (1.5 kg) was exhaustively extracted in 95% ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus. The column chromatography wasperformed then for isolating the various phytoconstituents using the solvents of increasing polarity from petroleum ether to methanol. The isolatedcompounds were structurally elucidated using various spectral data analysis, i.e. infrared,1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),13C NMR, and positiveion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. One of the isolated compounds was characterized as n-heptacosanyl oleate.Keywords: Whole aerial parts, Centella asiatica, Soxhlet, Column, Heptacosanyl oleate

A REVIEW ON THE PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN SIDE-LINED POPULATIONS; SLUM DWELLERS, SHIFT JOB WORKERS AND OCCUPATIONAL NOISE AFFECTED WORKERS: ATTRIBUTABLE TO LIFESTYLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR

Hypertension is a condition that is characterized by the persistent raised blood pressure. It is not seen as a disease rather as a major risk factor that is solely responsible for different types of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Although this condition cannot be cured, hypertension can be managed and prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle that encompasses factors such as diet, physical exercise, reduced alcohol consumption, moderate sodium and potassium intake, and psychological factors. Apart from these, environmental factor like noise has also proved to be associated with the high blood pressure. Different prevalence studies have been conducted to find out the relationship between high blood pressure and different lifestyle factors. This article aims to review and emphasize the prevalence of high blood pressure in slum dwellers and at-risk workers who are shift job workers and occupational noise affected workers. Different research articles pertaining to different authors and countries have been reviewed to portray the concern of this condition. There is the need for proper recognition to these folks of people who are exposed to the precarious and high-risk style of living in the slum dwellers, shift job workers, and occupational noise affected workers. The distress in the physiological functioning of the body leading to hypertension has been found in the slum dwellers and at-risk workers; shift job workers and occupational noise affected workers that are again attributable to aforementioned lifestyle and environmental factor. The proper management of hypertension is extremely required to safeguard these unacknowledged groups of people

Role of Herbal Medicine, Acupressure and Acupuncture in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disease that is characterized by a variety of symptoms that have a major negative impact on patients’ quality of life. It affects 9–23% of the total population of the world. At this time, no medication that is capable of addressing all symptoms associated with IBS in an effective manner (antispasmodics, antidiarrheals, sedatives). More than half of patients may seek treatment for their gastrointestinal problems via the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), which includes treatments like herbal medicine, acupuncture, and acupuncture. The objective of this chapter is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a herbal preparation, acupuncture, and acupressure treatment in patients diagnosed with IBS. Several sources were used to acquire the material, including review articles published in various publications that had keywords such as herbal drugs, acupuncture, acupressure, IBS and so on. The information was also gathered from the Internet. Herbal therapy and plant products are widely utilized to treat IBS. Acupuncture and acupressure have long been used successfully by patients to treat functional gastrointestinal problems. Multiple clinical studies have shown that their effectiveness and safety are superior to those of placebo and conventional medications. Herbal medications, acupressure, or acupuncture show clinically and statistically significant alleviation of IBS symptoms

Appraising the therapeutical potentials of Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm., an underexplored medicinal herb: A systematic review

Ethnopharmacological relevance:Alchornea laxiflora (Benth.) Pax & K. Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae) is an important traditional medicinal plant grown in tropical Africa. The stem, leaves, and root have been widely used in the folk medicine systems in Nigeria, Cameroon, South Africa, and Ghana to treat various ailments, including inflammatory, infectious, and central nervous system disorders, such as anxiety and epilepsy.Material and methods: The scientific name of the plant was validated using the “The Plant List,” “Kew Royal Botanic Gardens,” and Tropicos Nomenclatural databases. The literature search on A. laxiflora was performed using electronic search engines and databases such as Google scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, AJOL, Scopus, and Mendeley.Results: To the best of our knowledge, no specific and detailed review has been reported on A. laxiflora. Consequently, this review provides an up-to-date systematic presentation on ethnobotany, phytoconstituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicity profiles of A. laxiflora. Phytochemical investigations disclosed the presence of important compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and fatty acids. Furthermore, various pharmacological activities and traditional uses reported for this botanical drug were discussed comprehensively.Conclusion: This systemic review presents the current status and perspectives of A. laxiflora as a potential therapeutic modality that would assist future researchers in exploring this African botanical drug as a source of novel drug candidates for varied diseases

VITAL POTENTIAL OF MULTIPLE HERBS IN PROPHYLAXIS OF OBESITY

Objective: Allopathic medications are associated with several inconveniences such as drug dependency. More than 2000 herbal medicines have been proved to have a therapeutic effect in multiple disorders. The prominent aim of this review paper is to compute the therapeutic effect of herbal drug against obesity along with their different mechanisms. Methods: Data have been selected by evaluating merger of specific review and research papers through filtering through data bases such as PubMed, and Google Scholar of last 10 years 2009–2019. Results: On the basis of our interpretations, we have concluded that the herbal drugs constituting active constituents’ as tannins, alkaloids, resins, saponins, and flavonoids are effective in lowering the blood triglycerides level, lipid accumulation in liver, fat accumulation, adipocyte differentiation, and ultimately decrease body weight with almost negligible toxicity. Conclusion: Obesity is highly related to elevated morbidity rate as well as has become cause of various disorders. Herbal drugs have potential to treat obesity through different mechanisms including lipid peroxidation, free-radical scavenging activity, and inhibition of fat accumulation