Factors Affecting Bank-specific and Macroeconomic profitability Determinants of Islamic and Conventional Banks in Pakistan

This empirical research aims to look at the factors that mark the financial performance of Islamic and traditional banking sector in Pakistan. Theresults of the data signify that gross domestic product and inflation is connectedtothefinancialperformanceofIslamicbanks in all aspectsof profitability ratios and grossdomesticproducthasinsignificantrelation with the return on equity and assets ofconventionalbanks.Inflation has a weighty effect on return of assets of conventional banks.Further results indicate a negative impact of bank size on return of assets Islamic and positive impact on conventional banks. Anegativeimpact of banksizeonreturnonequityofIslamicandpositiveimpactonconventional banks. There is no performance impact of bank size on price earnings ratio. Results alsoindicatethatanegativeperformanceimpactofageofbankonreturn on assets of Islamic and traditional banks

Production of cyclosporine a by submerged fermentation from a local isolate of Penicillium fellutanum

Six locally isolated strains of Penicillium were checked for their potential to produce cyclosporine A through submerged fermentation. The medium used for drug production was composed of glucose, 5%; peptone, 1%; KH 2 PO 4 , 0.5% and KCl, 0.25% (w/v). Butyl acetate was used to extract the fermentation medium for cyclosporine ′A′ analysis. The confirmation analysis was done through high performance liquid chromatography and the chromatograms obtained were compared with that of Sandimmun Neoral® capsule (Novartis) containing 100 mg of cyclosporine and with the external standard cyclosporine A 98.5% pure. Only chromatogram of Penicillium fellutanum (FCBP 937) isolated from Guava fruit showed a peak at 2.768, which was comparable with both the standards. The amount of drug calculated was 16.18 μg/ml