The precipitation of energetic heavy ions into the upper atmosphere of Jupiter

Evidence for auroral particle precipitation at Jupiter was provided by the ultraviolet spectrometers onboard the Voyagers 1 and 2 spacecraft and by the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE). Magnetospheric measurements made by instruments onboard the Voyager spacecraft show that energetic sulfur and oxygen ions are precipitating into the upper atmosphere of Jupiter. A theoretical model has been constructed describing the interaction of precipitating oxygen with the Jovian atmosphere. The auroral energy is deposited in the atmosphere by means of ionization, excitation, and dissociation and heating of the atmospheric gas. Energetic ion and electron precipitation are shown to have similar effects on the atmosphere and ionosphere of Jupiter

The role of proton precipitation in Jovian aurora: Theory and observation

It was proposed that the Jovian auroral emissions observed by Voyager spacecraft could be explained by energetic protons precipitating into the upper atmosphere of Jupiter. Such precipitation of energetic protons results in Doppler-shifted Lyman alpha emission that can be quantitatively analyzed to determine the energy flux and energy distribution of the incoming particle beam. Modeling of the expected emission from a reasonably chosen Voyager energetic proton spectrum can be used in conjunction with International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) observations, which show a relative lack of red-shifted Lyman alpha emission, to set upper limits on the amount of proton precipitation taking place in the Jovian aurora. Such calculations indicate that less than 10 percent of the ultraviolet auroral emissions at Jupiter can be explained by proton precipitation

Trace Contaminant Removal using Hybrid Membrane Processes in Water Recycling

Water recycling plays an essential role in integrated water management, especially in an arid country like Australia but also worldwide [1]. Water recycling, however, has suffered extensive constraints due to "toilet to tap" media campaigns and "yuck factor" attitudes in the community. The support of the community for water recycling projects generally decreases as the personal contact with the recycled water increases [2]. Some of the very valid concerns of the community stem from uncertainties involved in water recycling, such as the issue of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) potentially present in recycled waters or the ever growing group of endocrine disrupting chemicals have been of particular concern to sections of the community. Endocrine disrupters have the potential to interfere with our normal growth, development and reproduction. Modulation of that system could cause severe adverse health effects. Industrial chemicals, consumer chemicals and chemicals in the environment can be endocrine disrupters that mimic, enhance or inhibit the action of hormones [3, 4]. Sewage disposal to water sources may be a major exposure pathway for pharmaceuticals, synthetic and natural hormones, industrial chemicals to humans and wildlife, directly and via the food chain. This concerns disposal of treated effluents and applications of recycled water. This paper aims to address some of the uncertainties and risks involved in recycling technology and aims to stress caution and the need for well designed recycling projects. This risk expands to water treatment in situations where contaminated waters are treated

Cine-installation metabook.1: the book of Luna.

The MetaBook is a transmedia concept that bridges the analog and the digital by introducing a cinematic and interactive dimension to the physical object of the book. MetaBook.1: The Book of Luna is the first realization of this concept. Across a series of embedded media technologies, this artwork explores texts written and inspired by some of history's great philosophers and scientists by navigating a map of the Moon's craters that have been named after them. The reader is free to navigate between these craters on page and screen, or just fly between them in a constant orbit

Land use change detection with LANDSAT-2 data for monitoring and predicting regional water quality degradation

The author has identified the following significant results. Comparison between LANDSAT 1 and 2 imagery of Arkansas provided evidence of significant land use changes during the 1972-75 time period. Analysis of Arkansas historical water quality information has shown conclusively that whereas point source pollution generally can be detected by use of water quality data collected by state and federal agencies, sampling methodologies for nonpoint source contamination attributable to surface runoff are totally inadequate. The expensive undertaking of monitoring all nonpoint sources for numerous watersheds can be lessened by implementing LANDSAT change detection analyses

Yosemite Conference on Ionospheric Plasma in the Magnetosphere: Sources, Mechanisms and Consequences, meeting report

The sixth biennial Yosemite topical conference and the first as a Chapman Conference was held on February 3 to 6, 1986. Due to the recent changes in our perception of the dynamics of the ionospheric/magnetospheric system, it was deemed timely to bring researchers together to discuss and contrast the relative importance of solar versus terrestrial sources of magnetospheric plasma. Although the solar wind was once thought to dominate the supply of plasma in the Earth's magnetosphere, it is now thought that the Earth's ionosphere is a significant contributor. Polar wind and other large volume outflows of plasma have been seen at relatively high altitudes over the polar cap and are now being correlated with outflows found in the magnetotail. The auroral ion fountain and cleft ion fountain are examples of ionospheric sources of plasma in the magnetosphere, observed by the Dynamics Explorer 1 (DE 1) spacecraft. The conference was organized into six sessions: four consisting of prepared oral presentations, one poster session, and one session for open forum discussion. The first three oral sessions dealt separately with the three major topics of the conference, i.e., the sources, mechanisms, and consequences of ionospheric plasma in the magnetosphere. A special session of invited oral presentations was held to discuss extraterrestrial ionospheric/magnetospheric plasma processes. The poster session was extended over two evenings during which presenters discussed their papers on a one-on-one basis. The last session of the conferences was reserved for open discussions of those topics or ideas considered most interesting or controversial

Second Workshop on Spacecraft Glow

Various aspects of space glow were considered. Results of a workshop held on May 6 to 7, 1985, at the Space Science Laboratory of NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama are presented. The topics of discussion are divided as follows: (1) in situ observations; (2) theoretical calculations; (3) laboratory measurements; and (4) future experiments