Prevalence of oncogenic human papillomavirus in pregnant adolescents, association with colpocytological changes, risk factors and obstetric outcomes

Purpose: The authors aim to carry out an investigation on the impact of cervical oncogenic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) detection in pregnant adolescents, to clarify the prevalence and risk factors, considering the importance and lack of data on this topic in Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with adolescents receiving prenatal care in a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, with routine Pap smear and oncogenic HPV detection test in the uterine cervix. The authors sought to associate the results of these tests with demographic and obstetric variables. Results: A total of 303 pregnant adolescents whose mean age was 15.30 ± 1.22 years comprised the study subjects. The frequency of high-risk HPV cervical detection was 50.50%. Multivariate analysis revealed that a large number of partners in their lifetime (OR = 1.27) and having a religion (OR = 2.05) were risk factors for cervical detection of oncogenic HPV, while schooling appeared as a protective factor (OR = 0.85). There was an association between this detection and colpocytological alterations, reaching almost 30% of patients, but without association with obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: The prevalence found is one of the highest in Brazil and worldwide. A greater number of partners during their lifetime and having religion were detected as possible factors associated with cervical HPV detection. Detection of cervical HPV-DNA did not influence obstetric and neonatal outcomes. The findings of this study reinforce the need to implement educational measures capable of modifying the incidence of sexually transmitted infections in this population and capable of promoting adherence to HPV vaccination programs

Analysis of factors associated to recurrence in adolescent pregnancy

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar um grupo de 106 gestantes adolescentes multigestas, comparando-as com 510 adolescentes primigestas quanto a variáveis demográficas, obstétricas e psicossociais. As pacientes foram recrutadas no ambulatório de obstetrícia no setor de gravidez na adolescência da clínica obstétrica do HC-FMUSP entre janeiro de 2000 a janeiro de 2006. As pacientes tinham até 18 anos e tiveram acompanhamento multiprofissinal. Os dados foram coletados de prontuário eletrônico (Acess-microsoft 98), apresentados de forma descritiva e analisados por teste do χ2, exato de Fisher, t de Student, Mann-Whytney e índice de Kappa, de acordo com a indicação do uso de cada um. Concluiu-se que não ocorrreram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre multigestas e primigestas quanto a cor, naturalidade, renda familiar, exercício de alguma atividade remunerada, a idade das mães das adolescentes grávidas, a idade gestacional ao iniciar as consultas de Pré-Natal, número de consultas, estatura, peso no início e término do Pré-Natal, índice de massa corpórea, ganho ponderal durante a gravidez, classificação do ganho de peso pelo gráfico de Rosso, presença de doença hipertensiva específica da gravidez, presença de oligoâmnio, complicação por infecção urinária e amniorrexe prematura. O mesmo foi observado em relação à instituição onde o parto ocorreu, condição dos recém-nascidos, peso dos recémnascidos, adequação peso para idade gestacional dos recém-nascidos, índice de Apgar de primeiro e de quinto minutos não foram diferentes. Também não houve diferença significativa quanto ao desejo e aceitação da atual gravidez, intenção e tentativas de interrompê-la, tempo de uso de métodos anticoncepcionais, serem filhas de mulheres que foram mães adolescentes, tipo de relacionamento com as mães, com os pais e com os companheiros, reação do companheiro à notícia da gravidez, manutenção de grupo de amigos e de atividade esportiva. Diferenças com significância estatística foram observadas entre as multigestas e primigestas no que se refere à idade que foi maior no primeiro grupo. Em relação à escolaridade algumas multigestas atingem níveis mais altos, porém com menos probabilidade de continuarem os estudos durante a gestação sendo que mais da metade não concluí o ensino fundamental. As multigestas vivem em união estável mais freqüentemente e dependem financeiramente mais de seus companheiros e formam núcleo familiar independente da família de origem. Também seus companheiros são mais velhos que os das primigestas. Em relação às variáveis obstétricas a média da idade gestacional na última consulta foi menor e o trabalho de parto prematuro mais freqüente. Também a idade gestacional ao parto foi menor assim como a freqüência de recémnascidos de pré-termo. No parto a aplicação de fórcipes foi menos freqüente nas multigestas. Das variáveis psicossociais detectou-se que as multigestas planejaram mais suas gestações, iniciaram mais precocemente suas atividades sexuais, no entanto conheciam e se utilizavam com maior freqüência de métodos contraceptivos. Os pais e mães das adolescentes multigestas apresentaram melhor reação frente a noticia da gestação que os das primigestas.This research studied a group of 106 adolescents patients with more than pregnancies and compared them to 510 with first pregnancy considering the demographics, obstetrics and psychosocial variables. The patients were recruited in the ambulatory service of obstetrics in the clinic of adolescent pregnancy of the HCFMUSP from January 2000 to January 2006. The oldest patients were 18 and assisted in comprehensive prenatal care. The data were collected from their electronic records (Access-Microsoft 98) presented in a descriptive form and analyzed through the χ2 test, exact of Fisher, t of Student, Mann-Whytney and Kappa index, according to the indication of each one. It was concluded that no statistical differences occurred between both groups regarding color, place of birth, family income, practice of any paid activity, maternal age of the teenagers, gestational age at the beginning of the pre-natal care, number of consultations, stature, initial and final weight in the pre-natal care, index of corporal mass, weight gain during pregnancy, classification of weight gain through the Rosso graphic, presence of pregnancy specific hypertension, presence of oligohydramnios, urinary infection complication, and preterm ruptured membranes. It was also the same in relation to the institution, condition and weight of the babies, balance of weight and gestational age, Apgar index at the first and fifth minutes were not different. Also, it was included the wish and acceptance of the present pregnancy, intention and tentative of abortion, length of use of contraceptive methods, daughter of adolescent mothers, type of relationship with mothers, with parents and with partner, reaction of the partner when the pregnancy was notified, maintenance of friends and athletic activities were not different. Significant statistical differences were observed between the patients with more pregnancies that are older than the primigravidas. Yet, considering their education, the patients with more pregnancies presented lower possibilities of continuing their studies during pregnancy. These patients presented a more stable union and financial dependence on their partners and formed a familiar nucleus independent of the original family. Their partners were also older than the ones of the patients with first pregnancy. The obstetric variables showed a lower gestational visit age in the last doctor visit with a more frequent premature labor. It was noticed that the smaller gestational age in labor had a higher frequency of preterm births. During labor the use of forceps was lesser in adolescents patients with more pregnancies. The psychosocial variables stated that this patients planned better their gestations, began their sexual activities earlier, knew and used contraceptive methods. The parents of the adolescents with more pregnancies had better reaction when compared with the parents of the adolescents in their first pregnancy

Analysis of factors associated to recurrence in adolescent pregnancy

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar um grupo de 106 gestantes adolescentes multigestas, comparando-as com 510 adolescentes primigestas quanto a variáveis demográficas, obstétricas e psicossociais. As pacientes foram recrutadas no ambulatório de obstetrícia no setor de gravidez na adolescência da clínica obstétrica do HC-FMUSP entre janeiro de 2000 a janeiro de 2006. As pacientes tinham até 18 anos e tiveram acompanhamento multiprofissinal. Os dados foram coletados de prontuário eletrônico (Acess-microsoft 98), apresentados de forma descritiva e analisados por teste do χ2, exato de Fisher, t de Student, Mann-Whytney e índice de Kappa, de acordo com a indicação do uso de cada um. Concluiu-se que não ocorrreram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre multigestas e primigestas quanto a cor, naturalidade, renda familiar, exercício de alguma atividade remunerada, a idade das mães das adolescentes grávidas, a idade gestacional ao iniciar as consultas de Pré-Natal, número de consultas, estatura, peso no início e término do Pré-Natal, índice de massa corpórea, ganho ponderal durante a gravidez, classificação do ganho de peso pelo gráfico de Rosso, presença de doença hipertensiva específica da gravidez, presença de oligoâmnio, complicação por infecção urinária e amniorrexe prematura. O mesmo foi observado em relação à instituição onde o parto ocorreu, condição dos recém-nascidos, peso dos recémnascidos, adequação peso para idade gestacional dos recém-nascidos, índice de Apgar de primeiro e de quinto minutos não foram diferentes. Também não houve diferença significativa quanto ao desejo e aceitação da atual gravidez, intenção e tentativas de interrompê-la, tempo de uso de métodos anticoncepcionais, serem filhas de mulheres que foram mães adolescentes, tipo de relacionamento com as mães, com os pais e com os companheiros, reação do companheiro à notícia da gravidez, manutenção de grupo de amigos e de atividade esportiva. Diferenças com significância estatística foram observadas entre as multigestas e primigestas no que se refere à idade que foi maior no primeiro grupo. Em relação à escolaridade algumas multigestas atingem níveis mais altos, porém com menos probabilidade de continuarem os estudos durante a gestação sendo que mais da metade não concluí o ensino fundamental. As multigestas vivem em união estável mais freqüentemente e dependem financeiramente mais de seus companheiros e formam núcleo familiar independente da família de origem. Também seus companheiros são mais velhos que os das primigestas. Em relação às variáveis obstétricas a média da idade gestacional na última consulta foi menor e o trabalho de parto prematuro mais freqüente. Também a idade gestacional ao parto foi menor assim como a freqüência de recémnascidos de pré-termo. No parto a aplicação de fórcipes foi menos freqüente nas multigestas. Das variáveis psicossociais detectou-se que as multigestas planejaram mais suas gestações, iniciaram mais precocemente suas atividades sexuais, no entanto conheciam e se utilizavam com maior freqüência de métodos contraceptivos. Os pais e mães das adolescentes multigestas apresentaram melhor reação frente a noticia da gestação que os das primigestas.This research studied a group of 106 adolescents patients with more than pregnancies and compared them to 510 with first pregnancy considering the demographics, obstetrics and psychosocial variables. The patients were recruited in the ambulatory service of obstetrics in the clinic of adolescent pregnancy of the HCFMUSP from January 2000 to January 2006. The oldest patients were 18 and assisted in comprehensive prenatal care. The data were collected from their electronic records (Access-Microsoft 98) presented in a descriptive form and analyzed through the χ2 test, exact of Fisher, t of Student, Mann-Whytney and Kappa index, according to the indication of each one. It was concluded that no statistical differences occurred between both groups regarding color, place of birth, family income, practice of any paid activity, maternal age of the teenagers, gestational age at the beginning of the pre-natal care, number of consultations, stature, initial and final weight in the pre-natal care, index of corporal mass, weight gain during pregnancy, classification of weight gain through the Rosso graphic, presence of pregnancy specific hypertension, presence of oligohydramnios, urinary infection complication, and preterm ruptured membranes. It was also the same in relation to the institution, condition and weight of the babies, balance of weight and gestational age, Apgar index at the first and fifth minutes were not different. Also, it was included the wish and acceptance of the present pregnancy, intention and tentative of abortion, length of use of contraceptive methods, daughter of adolescent mothers, type of relationship with mothers, with parents and with partner, reaction of the partner when the pregnancy was notified, maintenance of friends and athletic activities were not different. Significant statistical differences were observed between the patients with more pregnancies that are older than the primigravidas. Yet, considering their education, the patients with more pregnancies presented lower possibilities of continuing their studies during pregnancy. These patients presented a more stable union and financial dependence on their partners and formed a familiar nucleus independent of the original family. Their partners were also older than the ones of the patients with first pregnancy. The obstetric variables showed a lower gestational visit age in the last doctor visit with a more frequent premature labor. It was noticed that the smaller gestational age in labor had a higher frequency of preterm births. During labor the use of forceps was lesser in adolescents patients with more pregnancies. The psychosocial variables stated that this patients planned better their gestations, began their sexual activities earlier, knew and used contraceptive methods. The parents of the adolescents with more pregnancies had better reaction when compared with the parents of the adolescents in their first pregnancy

Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Adolescent Pregnant Women Living with HIV: A Propensity-Score-Matched Study

HIV infection and adolescent pregnancy are known to increase the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. However, data are limited concerning the outcomes of pregnancies among adolescent girls living with HIV. This retrospective propensity-score matched study aimed to compare adverse perinatal outcomes in adolescent pregnant women living with HIV (APW-HIV-positive) with HIV-negative adolescent pregnant women (APW-HIV-negative) and adult pregnant women with HIV (PW-HIV). APW-HIV-positive were propensity-score matched with APW-HIV-negative and PW-HIV. The primary endpoint was a composite endpoint of adverse perinatal outcomes, comprising preterm birth and low birth weight. There were 15 APW-HIV-positive and 45 women in each control group. The APW-HIV-positive were aged 16 (13–17) years and had had HIV for 15.5 (4–17) years, with 86.7% having perinatally acquired HIV. The APW-HIV-positive had higher rates of perinatally acquired HIV infection (86.7 vs. 24.4%, p p = 0.021), and longer exposure to antiretroviral therapy (p = 0.034) compared with the PW-HIV controls. The APW-HIV-positive had an almost five-fold increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes compared with healthy controls (42.9% vs. 13.3%, p = 0.026; OR 4.9, 95% CI 1.2–19.1). The APW-HIV-positive and APW-HIV-negative groups had similar perinatal outcomes