A review and comparison of efficient flooding schemes for on-demand routing protocols on mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs)

Since the basic components of ad hoc wireless networks are mostly battery-operated portable devices, power conservation is one of the central issues of such networks. Power-conservative designs for ad hoc networks pose many challenges due to the lack of central coordination facilities. Existing on-demand routing protocols perform route discovery by flooding the network with a query message requesting a route to the destination. Flooding is used because of its simplicity and greater success in finding the best route between the source and destination available at that time of route discovery. However, as flooding involves querying all reachable network nodes, frequent flooding can rapidly deplete the energy reserved at each node. In addition to consuming significant portions of the available network bandwidth. Further, as the number of communicating nodes increases, more congestion, contention, and collisions can be expected. This paper reviews and compares approaches for optimizing bandwidth efficiency of route discovery, where several efficient flooding schemes have been presented based on different techniques to solve the problems related with the traditional blind flooding

Mass transfer efficiency of a tall and low plate free area liquid pulsed sieve-plate extraction column

Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge Chakwal group of industries for funding the project. Ms. Madiha, Ms. Zona, Mr. Sohaib, Mr. Abdullah, Mr. Mudassar, and Mr. Salahuddin also deserve our acknowledgements for their assistance in different ways.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Coarse-grained simulations of flow-induced nucleation in semi-crystalline polymers

We perform kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of flow-induced nucleation in polymer melts with an algorithm that is tractable even at low undercooling. The configuration of the non-crystallized chains under flow is computed with a recent non-linear tube model. Our simulations predict both enhanced nucleation and the growth of shish-like elongated nuclei for sufficiently fast flows. The simulations predict several experimental phenomena and theoretically justify a previously empirical result for the flow-enhanced nucleation rate. The simulations are highly pertinent to both the fundamental understanding and process modeling of flow-induced crystallization in polymer melts.Comment: 17 pages, 6 eps figure

Maternal and infant morbidity following birth before 27 weeks of gestation: a single centre study

Delivery at extreme preterm gestational ages (GA) [Formula: see text] weeks is challenging with limited evidence often focused only on neonatal outcomes. We reviewed management and short term maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes of births for 132 women (22 + 0 to 26 + 6 weeks' GA) with a live fetus at admission to hospital and in labour or at planned emergency Caesarean section: 103 singleton and 29 (53 live fetuses) twin gestations. Thirty women (23%) had pre-existing medical problems, 110 (83%) had antenatal complications; only 17 (13%) women experienced neither. Major maternal labour and delivery complications affected 35 women (27%). 151 fetuses (97%) were exposed to antenatal steroids, 24 (15%) to tocolysis and 70 (45%) to magnesium sulphate. Delivery complications affected 11 fetuses, with 12 labour or delivery room deaths; survival to discharge was 75% (117/156), increasing with GA: 25% (1/4), 75% (18/24), 69% (29/42), 73% (33/45) and 88% (36/41) at 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26 weeks GA respectively (p = 0.024). No statistically important impact was seen from twin status, maternal illness or obstetric management. Even in a specialist perinatal unit antenatal and postnatal maternal complications are common in extreme preterm births, emphasising the need to include maternal as well as neonatal outcomes

Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of core gene of hepatitis C virus from Pakistani population

In Pakistan, more than 10 million people are living with hepatitis C virus (HCV) with high morbidity and mortality. The aims of the present study are to report HCV core gene sequences from Pakistani population and perform their sequence comparison/phylogenetic analysis. The core gene of HCV has been cloned from six different patients and sequences submitted at the National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Nucleotides and deduced amino acid sequence comparison of six isolates was performed with each other and with two HCV genotype 3a type examples reported from Japan. Phylogenetic tree of HCV core sequences was constructed using CLC software. Nucleotides sequence comparison showed that our sequences have 94 to 96% homology with NZL1 strain and 90 to 93%homology with HCV-K3A/650 strain. Deduced amino acid sequence comparison showed that our sequences have 92 to 98% homology with NZL1 strain and 88 to 94% homology with HCV-K3A/650 strain.Phylogenetic analysis suggests that our sequences are clustered with sequences reported from Japan. This is the first phylogenetic analysis of HCV core gene from Pakistani population. Our sequences and sequences from Japan are grouped into same cluster in the phylogenetic tree. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed that our isolates have high homology with Japanese isolates

The Effects of Vortex Generator Types on Heat Transfer and Flow Structure in a Rectangular Duct Flows

In this numerical study a detailed evaluation of the heat transfer characteristics and flow structure in a laminar and turbulent flow through a rectangular channel containing built-in of different type vortex generator has been a accomplished in a range of Reynolds number between 500 and 100,000.A modified version of ESCEAT code has been used to solve Navier-Stokes and energy equations. The purpose of this paper is to present numerical comparisons in terms of temperature, Nusselt number and flow patterns on several configurations of longitudinal vortex generator including new five cases. The structures of heat and flow were studied, using iso-contours of velocity components, vortices, temperature and Nusselt number. This study shows that the predicted structures of fluid flow, temperature fields and Nusselt number variation are strongly affected by the presence of the turbulators. Staggered arrangement gains high Nusselt number, also the lower and upper arrangements have higher Nusselt number than plane duct. High Reynolds number (higher air inlet velocity) will enhance the Nusselt number. Increase in ribs height will enhance the heat transfer as it works as surface area and turbulator at the same time

IN SILICO INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM VARIOUS PLANTS AGAINST NEUROINFLAMMATORY MARKERS AS POTENT THERAPEUTIC TARGETS

Abstract Objective: Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the brain and brain tissue. Activation of glial cells (Microgila and astrocytes) takes place during neuroinflammation, due to which a number of inflammatory mediator release in the brain. The objective of the current study is to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of the phytoconstituents against various inflammatory mediators.Methods: The preliminary screening of plants was done by Lipinski's rule of five. Inflammatory mediators (COX-1, COX-2, TNF-a, IL-1b, iNOS and   nNOS) protein sequence was retrieved from STRING database and modeling of it through SWISS MODEL. And ligands ID was retrieved from ZINC database and its MOL2 format was downloaded for further processing. Docking study of phytoconstituents with ligands were performed by iGEMDOCK. By using ADMET, Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties were predicted.Results: Sissotrin out of the various phytocomponents is the most active component having high binding affinity with all the genes.Conclusion: Sissotrin may be a good inhibitor for neuroinflammatory disorders

Kinetics of the electropolymerization of aminoanthraquinone from aqueous solutions and analytical applications of the polymer film

AbstractPoly 1-amino-9, 10-anthraquinone (PAAQ) films were prepared by the electropolymerization of 1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone (AAQ) on platinum substrate from aqueous media, where 5.0×10−3molL−1 AAQ and 6.0molL−1 H2SO4 were used. The kinetics of the electropolymerization process was investigated by determining the change of the charge consumed during the polymerization process with time at different concentrations of both monomer and electrolyte. The results have shown that the process follows first order kinetics with respect to the monomer concentration. The order of the reaction with respect to the aqueous solvent i.e. H2SO4 was found to be negative. The polymer films were successfully used as sensors for the electroanalytical determination of many hazardous compounds, e.g. phenols, and biologically important materials like dopamine. The electroanalytical determination was based on the measurements of the oxidation current peak of the material in the cyclic voltammetric measurements. The cyclic voltammograms were recorded at a scan rate of 100mVs−1 and different analyte concentrations. A calibration curve was constructed for each analyte, from which the determination of low concentrations of catechol and hydroquinone (HQ) as examples of hazardous compounds present in waste water and also for ascorbic acid and dopamine as examples of valuable biological materials can be achieved