Optimalization of Temperature to Control Araecerus Fasciculatus De Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) on Nutmeg

The exported nutmeg of Indonesia is frequently affected by the coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus de Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), so that it should be fumigated prior to export. CH3Br is an effective fumigant as quarantine measure for export products for 24 h, but this fumigant has been prohibited. Therefore, air temperature treatment is one of the alternative strategies. This research was aimed to determine the optimum air temperature in controlling A. fasciculatus on nutmeg. Healthy nutmeg, infected and A. fasciculatus-containing nutmeg, as well as individual adults of A. fasciculatus were treated with air temperature of 30−70°C for 1−24 h. The optimum air temperature was the lowest temperature which could kill 100% of examined insects. The results showed that 100% mortality of A. fasciculatus adults outside nutmeg occurred at air temperature of 45°C for 12 h or 50°C for 6 h. Meanwhile, 100% mortality of life stadium of A. fasciculatus inside nutmeg happened at air temperature of 55°C for 24 h. The raising of air temperature at 30−50°C for 24 h decreased the water content of nutmeg from 5.59±0.25 to 3.79±0.24%. The increment of temperature from 50 to 55°C for 24 h reduced the weight of nutmeg from 5.20±0.72 to 5.04±0.70 g. Air temperature treatment at 45−50°C for 12−24 h could eliminate adults of A. fasciculatus on exported nutmeg and air temperature of 55°C for 24 h could remove all life stadia of A. fasciculatus within nutmeg. IntisariBiji pala ekspor Indonesia sering diserang oleh kumbang bubuk biji kopi, Araecerus fasciculatus de Geer (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), sehingga harus difumigasi sebelum diekspor. Tindakan karantina pada produk ekspor yang sering menggunakan CH3Br efektif selama 24 jam, namun fumigan ini sudah dilarang. Oleh karena itu, perlakuan suhu udara merupakan salah satu alternatifnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan suhu udara optimal untuk mengendalikan A. fasciculatus pada biji pala. Biji pala yang sehat, biji pala yang terserang dan berisi serangga A. fasciculatus serta imago A. fasciculatus diperlakukan dengan suhu udara 30−70°C selama 1−24 jam. Suhu udara optimal yaitu suhu terendah yang dapat membunuh 100% serangga uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 100% mortalitas imago A. fasciculatus di luar biji pala terjadi pada suhu udara 45°C selama 12 jam atau 50°C selama 6 jam. Sementara itu, mortalitas 100% stadia hidup A. fasciculatus di dalam biji pala terjadi pada suhu udara 55°C selama 24 jam. Kenaikan suhu udara 30−50°C selama 24 jam menurunkan kadar air biji pala dari 5,59±0,25 menjadi 3,79±0,24%. Peningkatan suhu dari 50 menjadi 55°C selama 24 jam menurunkan berat biji pala dari 5,20±0,72 menjadi 5,04±0,70 g. Perlakuan suhu udara 45−50°C selama 12−24 jam dapat mengeliminasi imago A. fasciculatus pada biji pala ekspor dan suhu udara 55°C selama 24 jam dapat mengeliminasi semua stadia hidup A. fasciculatus di dalam biji pala

Toksisitas Abu Terbang Kayu terhadap Nilaparvata Lugens dan Kompleks Predatornya

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) is currently a very noxious pest insect and it threatened the self sufficience of rice in Indonesia. Innovation of control technology is urgently needed to be developed. Objective of the study was to determine mortality-effect of the wood fly-ash obtained from pulp factory in Riau against N. lugens and its predator complex. A bioassay of the wood fly-ash was done in the laboratory to determine its activity against the test insects. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment with three treatments —fly-ash 40 kg/ha, botanical insecticide containing of root extract of Derris eliptica, and control— with five replications was conducted at a paddy field in Sleman District Yogyakarta. Results showed that the wood fly-ash was toxic against N. lugens: LD50 at 72 hours after treatment were 4.84 and 43.26 g/m2, respectively. As compared with control and botanical insecticide of D. eliptica, the wood fly-ash was significantly more effective for controlling the N. lugens but relatively safe against predator complex. Dusting of the wood fly-ash at rate of 40 kg/ha effectively reduced population of N. lugens within 2 days but did not significantly reduce population of the predator complex namely spiders (Lycosa sp., Oxyopes sp., Callitrichia sp., Argiope sp., and Tetragnatha sp.), Coccinellidae (Menochilus sexmaculatus and Verania sp.), Cicindelidae (Ophionea sp.), and Staphylinidae (Paederus fuscipes). Wereng batang padi cokelat (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) merupakan hama utama pada tanaman padi yang paling membahayakan dan sulit dikendalikan sehingga sangat merugikan perpadian di Indonesia. Inovasi teknologi pengendalian mendesak untuk dikembangkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan efek mortalitas dari abu terbang kayu yang berasal dari pabrik pulp di Riau terhadap hama N. lugens dan kompleks predatornya. Pengujian dari abu lterbang kayu dilakukan di laboratorium untuk menentukan toksisitas abu terbang kayu terhadap serangga uji. Percobaan menggunakan randomized complete block design (RCBD) dengan 3 perlakuan—dosis abu terbang kayu 40 kg/ha, insektisida botani berasal dari ekstrak akar Derris eliptica, dan kontrol—, dengan 5 ulangan yang dilakukan pada pertanaman padi di Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa toksisitas abu terbang kayu terhadap N. lugens: LD50 setelah 72 jam perlakuan adalah 4,84 dan 43,26 g/m2, berturut-turut. Abu terbang kayu dibandingkan dengan kontrol dan insektisida botani, signifikan dan efektif mengendalikan N. lugens dan relatif tidak membahayakan terhadap kompleks predator. Pemaparan abu terbang kayu dosis 40 kg/ha efektif mengurangi populasi N. lugens selama 2 hari dan tidak signifikan terhadap pengurangan populasi kompleks predator laba-laba (Lycosa sp., Oxyopes sp., Callitrichia sp., Argiope sp., dan Tetragnatha sp.), Coccinellidae (Menochilus sexmaculatus and Verania sp.), Cicindelidae (Ophionea sp.), dan Staphylinidae (Paederus fuscipes

The Vertical Distribution of Helopeltis Bradyi and Oxyopes Javanus on Tea

Helopeltis bradyi is the main pest of tea plants. Ecological characteristics of this pest are important to be understood to support the development of their management and control measures. This study aimed to determine the coexistence and vertical distribution pattern of H. bradyi and its predator, Oxyopes javanus, on tea plant parts. The study was conducted at the PT Pagilaran tea plantation in Central Java, in the 2018 rainy season. Population observations were carried out in situ on 20 infested sample-trees taken randomly, for 10 consecutive days, in the morning, at noon, and in the afternoon. Vertical distribution patterns were determined based on Poisson dispersion index (DI), negative binomial, and Green index (GI). The results showed that the O. javanus spider was found preying on H. bradyi. Coexistence between this pest and predator in the same part of the plant, the pest, and the predator, occurred in the morning were 50.0, 42.8, and 7.2%; at noon were 58.3, 41.7, and 0%; and at the afternoon were 66.7, 33.3, and 0%, respectively. The parts of the plant for the coexistence are pekoe leaves; the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of young leaves; and 1st of older leaves. The pattern of vertical distribution in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon for H. bradyi was the weak clump, while for O. javanus was uniform. The ratio of predator: prey in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon was 1:10.7, 1:16.7, and 1:10.0, respectively