‘To the land or to the sea' : diet and mobility in early medieval Frisia

This study investigated palaeodiet and population mobility in early medieval Frisia through the stable isotope analysis of individuals buried in the fifth–eighth century AD cemetery of Oosterbeintum, a terp site on the northern coast of the Netherlands. The results cast new light on the role of the northern Netherlands in trade and migration in the early medieval period, and have significance for the study of interaction and movement throughout the wider North Sea region. Bone collagen and tooth enamel from humans and animals were analyzed using carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium isotopes. δ13C and δ15N results indicated that the population had a terrestrial, C3-based diet. High δ15N values were observed in humans and fauna, which are probably related to the terp's salt-marsh location. The δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr data revealed a high proportion of non-locals buried at Oosterbeintum, some of whom had probably migrated from regions as distant and varied as Scandinavia and southern England. It is suggested that this immigration may be associated with Frisian maritime trading activities. New data are also presented from a small number of contemporaneous European sites

Grondsoortenkaart 2006 - Simplified Soil Map of the Netherlands

Deze kaart geeft een globaal overzicht van de bodemgesteldheid in Nederland in 10 legenda-eenheden. De kaart is afgeleid van de Bodemkaart 1 : 50 000. De eenheden van de Bodemkaart van Nederland zijn vertaald naar een grondsoort, op basis van het bodemmateriaal in het bodemprofiel tot 80 cm-mv. De grondsoortenkaart geeft de ligging van de veengronden en minerale gronden in Nederland. Bij de veengronden komt binnen 80 cm-mv. meer dan 40 cm veen in het bodemprofiel voor. De veengronden worden niet verder onderverdeeld. Bij de minerale gronden komt in het bodemprofiel tot 80 cm-mv. meer dan 40 cm mineraal materiaal (zand, klei of leem) voor. Voor de minerale gronden is een verdere opdeling gemaakt naar samenstelling en textuur van de bouwvoor. In de periode 2001 - 2004 is bij de veengronden het oosten van het land (ca. 100 000 ha) nagegaan of dit nog veengronden zijn. Uit deze veenkartering is gebleken dat ca. 47% van de oppervlakte de veengronden zijn gedeformeerd naar een ander bodemtype. Bij deze gronden is door oxidatie de veenlaag geleidelijk dunner geworden. De gedeformeerde veengronden zijn tot de minerale gronden gerekend. Potentieel gebruik: Regionale en landelijke toepassingen waarvoor globale informatie over de bodemgesteldheid nodig is. Toepassingsschaal: 1: 50 000 – 1 : 1 000 000 Ruimtelijk schema: Vecto

Flexible strategies for coping with rainfall variability : seasonal adjustments in cropped area in the Ganges basin

One of the main manifestations of climate change is expected to be increased rainfall variability. How to deal with this in agriculture will be a major societal challenge. In this paper we explore flexibility in land use, through deliberate seasonal adjustments in cropped area, as a specific strategy for coping with rainfall variability. Such adjustments are not incorporated in hydro-meteorological crop models commonly used for food security analyses. Our paper contributes to the literature by making a comprehensive model assessment of inter-annual variability in crop production, including both variations in crop yield and cropped area. The Ganges basin is used as a case study. First, we assessed the contribution of cropped area variability to overall variability in rice and wheat production by applying hierarchical partitioning on time-series of agricultural statistics. We then introduced cropped area as an endogenous decision variable in a hydro-economic optimization model (WaterWise), coupled to a hydrology-vegetation model (LPJmL), and analyzed to what extent its performance in the estimation of inter-annual variability in crop production improved. From the statistics, we found that in the period 1999-2009 seasonal adjustment in cropped area can explain almost 50% of variability in wheat production and 40% of variability in rice production in the Indian part of the Ganges basin. Our improved model was well capable of mimicking existing variability at different spatial aggregation levels, especially for wheat. The value of flexibility, i.e. the foregone costs of choosing not to crop in years when water is scarce, was quantified at 4% of gross margin of wheat in the Indian part of the Ganges basin and as high as 34% of gross margin of wheat in the drought-prone state of Rajasthan. We argue that flexibility in land use is an important coping strategy to rainfall variability in water stressed regions

FEM growth and yield data Monocultures - Black alder

This database is part of the FEM growth and yield database, a collection of growth and yield data from even-aged monocultures. In the first edition of the database, the data of Black Elder were part of the dataset “FEM growth and yield data Monocultures – Other species”

FEM growth and yield data monocultures - Grand fir

The current database is part of the FEM growth and yield database, a collection of growth and yield data from even-aged monocultures (douglas fir, common oak, poplar, Japanese Larch, Norway spruce, Scots pine, Corsican pine, Austrian pine, red oak and several other species, with only a few plots, even-aged mixed species forest plots, uneven-aged natural forest, uneven-aged selection forest and roadside plantattions of poplar. The FEM growth and yield data base is currently supervised by Jan den Ouden and Frits Mohren

FEM growth and yield data monocultures - Red oak

The current database is part of the FEM growth and yield database, a collection of growth and yield data from even-aged monocultures (douglas fir, common oak, poplar, Japanese Larch, Norway spruce, Scots pine, Corsican pine, Austrian pine, red oak and several other species, with only a few plots, even-aged mixed species forest plots, uneven-aged natural forest, uneven-aged selection forest and roadside plantattions of poplar. The FEM growth and yield data base is currently supervised by Jan den Ouden and Frits Mohren

FEM growth and yield data monocultures - Sycamore

The current database is part of the FEM growth and yield database, a collection of growth and yield data from even-aged monocultures (douglas fir, common oak, poplar, Japanese Larch, Norway spruce, Scots pine, Corsican pine, Austrian pine, red oak and several other species, with only a few plots, even-aged mixed species forest plots, uneven-aged natural forest, uneven-aged selection forest and roadside plantattions of poplar. The FEM growth and yield data base is currently supervised by Jan den Ouden and Frits Mohren

FEM growth and yield data monocultures - Austrian pine

The current database is a part of the FEM growth and yield database, a collecction of growth and yield data from even-aged monocultures (douglas fir, common oak, poplar, Japanese Larch Norway spruce, Scots pine, Corsican pine, Austrian pine, red oak and several other species with only a few plots, even-aged mixed species forest plots, uneven-aged natural forest, uneven-aged selection forest and roadside plantations of poplar. The FEM growth and yield data base is currently supervised by Jan den Ouden and Frits Mohren

FEM growth and yield data monocultures - Other species (revised version)

In this version 13 new plots of White elder and 13 new plots of Sitka spruce were added, both from the collection of the former Stichting Industriehout. This database is part of the FEM growth and yield database, a collection of growth and yield data from even-aged monocultures

FEM growth and yield data monocultures - Corsican pine

The current database is a part of the FEM growth and yield database, a collecction of growth and yield data from even-aged monocultures (douglas fir, common oak, poplar, Japanese Larch Norway spruce, Scots pine, Corsican pine, Austrian pine, red oak and several other species with only a few plots, even-aged mixed species forest plots, uneven-aged natural forest, uneven-aged selection forest and roadside plantations of poplar. The FEM growth and yield data base is currently supervised by Jan den Ouden and Frits Mohren