NUTRITION REQUIREMENT OF CULTURED ABALONE POST LARVAE AND JUVENILES: A REVIEW

Abalone aquaculture attracts wide attention nowadays because of its high market value and depleted of wild stocks. China and Japan are the main producer of abalone from aquaculture followed by other countries such as New Zealand, Australia and US. Most of cultured abalone are temperate species but considerable research efforts have been made to culture tropical abalone in the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. Most of abalone culture still depends on natural food but recent studies have been conducted to develop artificial diet for abalone. This will not only reduce wild harvest of macrolagae but also develop high nutrition diet at low cost. Successful abalone aquaculture is determined by correct nutrition supplement in the diet. As other cultured animal, abalone requires balanced nutrition of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins, and minerals. As herbivores, abalone can utilize carbohydrate efficiently as energy source and thus only requires low level of protein (range from 27%—40%). Lipid requirements range from 3%—5% while some minerals such as calcium and phosphorus in artificial feed are only needed in small amount, 0.5% of calcium in diets and 0.7% of phosphorus in the diet can improve the growth rate of abalone. There is not available information of vitamin upplementation in the diet but it is suggested that natural food meets the requirement

ISOLATION AND GROWTH OF DINOFLAGELLATE, Scrippsiella sp. AND DIATOM, Melosira cf. moniliformis IN CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

The growth of the dinoflagellate, Scrippsiella sp. from Narragansett Bay, USA and the chain-forming benthic diatom, Melosira cf. moniliformis from Kendari Bay, Indonesia was evaluated under optimized laboratory conditions to investigate potential new candidates for shrimp aquaculture hatchery feeds. Isolation of microalgae was performed using capillary pipets in f/8-Si for Scrippsiella sp. and f/2 for M. cf. moniliformis. Isolated cells were placed in an incubator with a photoperiod of 12:12 hour (light : dark cycle), at light intensities of 62-89 μmol photons.m-2.s and at temperature of 20oC. Microalgae cells were cultured in 150-mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 mL of f/2-Si medium for Scrippsiella spin triplicates and in 50-mL culture tubes containing 20 mL of f/2 medium for M. cf. moniliformis in four replicates. The cells in culture flasks were used in cell counting experiments while those in tubes were for fluorometer trials. Growth evaluation was conducted every 2-3 days. The diatom, M. cf. moniliformis was in logarithmic phase when observed at 2 to 7 days after inoculation and showed a high growth rate (μ = 0.52 day-1) and high division rate (k = 0.76 day-1, 1 division every 1.3 days). Logarithmic phase of Scrippsiella in culture flasks was started on day 7 to 30 (μ = 0.17 day-1 and k = 0.25 day-1 or 1 division every 4 days). In culture tubes, Scrippsiella sp. reached logarithmic phase at day 21 to 47 (μ = 0.12 day-1 and k = 0.18 day-1, 1 division every 5.65 days). This study indicates that M. cf. moniliformis can be used for aquaculture hatcheries feed but further study for the nutrition composition is needed. Scrippsiella sp. is potentially toxic for aquaculture at high densities, therefore they should be assessed carefully if used for aquaculture feeds

CAPABILITY OF SEA CUCUMBER Holothuria scabra TO REMOVE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOR WASTE FROM SHRIMP PONDS CULTURE

Solid organic waste (PSW) in shrimp ponds contains relatively high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and can endanger the ecological balance of the waters. This study evaluates the ability of sea cucumber Holothuria scabra to remove nitrogen and phosphorus loads from shrimp pond sediment waste in water and sediment. Sea cucumbers were reared for 40 days with a density of 20 individuals/m2 (average body weight 2.65±0.09 g) and a double-bottom recirculation system. Five levels of PSW accumulation were inserted into the aquarium substrate and were the sole source of nutrition for sea cucumbers without additional feeding: 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% (with three replications). The results showed that increasing the PSW content in the aquarium research substrate significantly increased the substrate's TOC, TN, and TP content and increased the concentrations of TOM, DOC, NH3, NO2, and PO4 in the water column. The activity of sea cucumbers in utilizing PSW nutrients in all treatments up to a PSW level of 50% significantly reduced TOC, TN, and TP in sediments. This activity also substantially removes the concentration of TOM, DOC, NH3, NO2, and PO4 in the water. It is estimated that every kilogram of H. scabra can remove up to 12.65-12.73 g of nitrogen/day and 2.57-2.60 g of phosphorus/day contained in the solid organic waste of shrimp ponds. Therefore, this study concluded that H. scabra has great potential to be used as integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) species, especially to remove nitrogen and phosphorus loads from shrimp pond sediment waste in waters

ARE COPEPODS VIABLE OPTIONS AS LIVE FOOD IN AQUACULTURE HATCHERIES?

This present paper overviews the use of copepods in aquaculture. Some culture methods and nutritional values also described to decide whether copepods are viable and reliable to be used as live food in aquaculture hatcheries. Copepods have been known to have higher nutritional value than Artemia and rotifers. In aquaculture, they have been used to fed various species of marine finfish with better results in terms of growth, larval survival and pigmentation compared to some fish larvae fed on other live feeds. However, culturing copepods in intensive systems to harvest high number of copepods is not well established yet due to lack of funding and knowledge. Meanwhile extensive and semi intensive systems are possible to transfer parasites and diseases from wild environment. Furthermore, nutritional value can not be controlled in such systems

Efficacy of Seaweed (Sargassum sp.) Extract to Prevent Vibriosis in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Juvenile

Background and Objectives: Marine algae, especially brown algae (Sargassum sp.), is a natural compound plant capable of being prophylactic and immunostimulant. This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of seaweed (Sargassum sp.) extract to improve resistance and immune response of juvenile white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei ) infected by Vibrio algynolyticus . Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of seaweed was used to evaluate its antibacterial effect by immerse the juvenile shrimp at a dose level of 0 (control), 150, 250 and 350 ppm for 3 h. Shrimp immune response was observed based on total haemocyte count (THC) and differential haemocyte count (DHC). Moreover, the bacterial challenge test was used for the evaluation of shrimp resistance. Results: The immersed shrimp in 150 ppm extract showed a significant increase in the number of THC and improve DHC value. During bacterial challenge test, shrimp juveniles immersed in 150 and 250 ppm had a 100% relative percent survival (RPS) which was higher than those in 350 ppm that had only 50% survival. Moreover, there were no significant histological changes of the hepatopancreas organ following infection in shrimps immersed in 150 and 250 ppm seaweed extract groups, whereas shrimps in control group showed hyperplasia and necrotic in nucleus cells. In addition, changes in the form of excess fat infiltration occured in tissues indicates the vulnerability of shrimp in control group. Conclusion: The study indicates that extract of brown seaweed Sargassum sp. is a potential immunostimulant to be used in juvenile white shrimps culture to control vibriosis

Pertumbuhan Dan Kandungan Lipid Mikroalga Yang Dikultur Menggunakan Pupuk Walne Dan Ekstraksi Menggunakan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction Sebagai Bahan Baku Biofuel Yang Berkelanjutan

Mikroalga adalah salah satu bahan baku bio-fuel generasi ketiga yang potensi untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan kandungan lipid mikroalga yang dikultur menggunakan pupuk Walne dan diekstraksi menggunakan metode microve assisted extraction. Kultur mikroalga terdiri dari 3 perlakuan yaitu mikroalga jenis Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis sp. dan Tetraselmis chuii dalam media Walne dengan 3 kali ulangan. Kepadatan sel awal kultur mikroalga adalah 10 x 104 sel.mL¯¹.  Kultur dilakukan selama 8 hari dengan menghitung kepadatan setiap 2 hari sekali menggunakan improved neubeur haemocytometer. Salinitas media kultur adalah 32 psu dengan intensitas cahaya 19.03 µmol m−2 s−1, pH 8 dan 12:12 fotoperiod.  Pemamanen dilakukan dengan menambahkan etanol 10 mL ke dalam kultur mikroalga kemudian dikeringkan selama 1 hari, selanjutnya ditimbang beratnya dan dilakukan analisis lipid menggunakan microwave dengan daya 450 watt. Pertumbuhan dari ketiga jenis mikroalga yang tertinggi pada Nannochloropsis sp. sebesar 165,1 x 104 sel.mL¯¹, sedangkan pertumbuhan sel terendah pada C. vulgaris 31,01 x 104 sel.mL¯¹.  Kandungan lipid mikroalga yang tertinggi terdapat pada T. chuii sebesar 37,44 %, sedangkan kadar lipid terendah terdapat pada C. vulgaris sebesar 23,07%. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstraksi mikroalga hijau menggunakan microwave dengan daya rendah mampu menghasilkan lipid yang cukup tinggi

The Growth of Chlorella vulgaris Cultured in Liquid Organic Fertilizer of Water Hyacint H (Eichhornia crassipes) at Different Salinities

This study aims to determine the effect of salinity on the growth of microalgae C. vulgaris cultured in 5% concentration of water hyacinth liquid organic fertilizer. The research used a completely randomized design with four salinity treatments at 30, 35, 40 and 45 ppt in triplicates. The volume of culture media was 150 mL that consisted of 142.5 ml of sterile sea water and 7.5 ml of water hyacinth organic fertilizer. The increase in microalgae cell density was observed every other day using haemocytometer under light microscope. The culture was harvested after they reached stationary phase at day 8. Culture age (p= 0,00\u3c0.05) and salinity (p= 0,00\u3c0.05) affected the growth, dry weight and biomass productivity of C. vulgaris. Cells density and yield in all salinities tested was significantly different (p= 0,00\u3c0.05) at stationary phase of growth. Higher cell density, specific growth rate, yield, dry weight and biomass productivity were observed in 40 ppt salinity compared to other salinities. At 40 ppt, cell density was 85.33 x 104 cells. ml-1 as well as specific growth rate that was at 0.839 cells.day-1, with the highest average yield of C. vulgaris was observed on day 6 and day 8 (exponential to stationary phase) at 115, 3 x 104 cells.ml-1. Similarly, considerably higher dry weight at 40 ppt was observed at 0.038 g.L-1 with biomass productivity at 0.032 g.L-1.day-1 compared to other salinities tested However these results were not significantly different (p=0.7\u3e0.05) from other salinities. This study suggested that 40 ppt can be used to culture C. vulgaris in 5 % concentration of water hyacinth organic medium to obtain better growth and higher biomass production

Price Analysis of Aquafeed Containing Microalgae (Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco 1905 Meal for Color Enhancement in Shrimp

The price of aqua feed containing Dunaliella salina meal was calculated. Also, the formulated feed’s protein, lipid, and total carotenoid content were examined. The price of shrimp feed containing D. salina meal was higher than commercial feed with better protein and carotenoid content in the feed. This indicated that the inclusion of microalgae meal may increase coloration and growth in shrimp. We recommend using these formulated fish in shrimp aquaculture with necessary investment in microalgae meal and aqua feed production. Keywords: microalgae, economic, aquafeed, shrim

GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWLY ISOLATED INDONESIAN MICROALGAE UNDER DIFFERENT SALINITY

The aim of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics of microalgae strains isolated from Kendari Bay and the Wanggu River estuary, Indonesia. The growth of the isolates, denoted as Kb1-2, Kb1-3, Kb1-5, and Kb2-6, were evaluated under controlled conditions. A batch culture experiment of these strains except Kb2-6 was conducted for 15 days under salinity levels of 20, 25, 30 and 35 gL-1. Tetraselmis chui, Tisochrysis lutea and Chaetocero sneogracile were also culture and used as the growth references. Cell density was measured every day and cell size was measured from 50 live cells during the logarithmic phase. The cell sizes of three of the four Indonesian microalgae ranged from 1.2-11.8 µm, considered suitable for shrimp larvae. The Indonesian strains started the logarithmic phase of growth at all salinities tested from day 0 to day 3 after inoculation except for Kb1-3 that started the phase after a 3-day lag. Increased cell density over the culture period and division rate of Indonesian microalgae during the logarithmic phase of growth were similar at all salinities tested and similar to T. chui, Ti. lutea and C. neogracile. However, the final biomasses after 15 days of culture of all microalgal strains were affected by culture salinities tested. Indonesian microalgal strains showed similar dry weight and ash free dry weight to smaller-cell strains, Ti. lutea and C. neogracile. Indonesian strains (other than Kb2-6) are suggested as suitable live food candidates for mass culture in shrimp hatcheries based on their cell size, ability to survive long culture periods, and wide salinity tolerance