SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF POROUS BONE-LIKE MICROSTRUCTURES WITH SPECIFIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Bone trabecular structure can be characterized as a connected network of mineral bars and plates with unique mechanical properties. Standard methods of producing bone-like structures based on periodic structures or foams have same limitations. The organization of the trabecular bone (meso scale) is adapted to the values of stresses and strains affecting the skeletal system. To simulate bone-like structure, the methodology of generating stochastic structure based on hyperuniform spatial points distribution is proposed. Statistical analysis of generated structure shows the possibility to generate clouds of points in wide range of random close packing density, up to 59.52%. Points connected by Voronoi tessellation produce to unique porous topology with no closed-cells and with wide range of connectivity. Manufacturing of a generated structure is only limited by used technique. The proposed algorithm was developed regardless of the manufacturing technique, however, same examples of the structure were printed using 3D addictive technology. The mechanical properties of developed structure are strongly dependent on the material from which they are made, but the modification of the structure allows to change the strength in specific and controlled way

Etiology of the Broad Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder Phenotype in Swedish Twins Aged 6 to 12 Years

IMPORTANCE: Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is characterized by an extremely limited range and/or amount of food eaten, resulting in the persistent failure to meet nutritional and/or energy needs. Its etiology is poorly understood, and knowledge of genetic and environmental contributions to ARFID is needed to guide future research. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to the liability to the broad ARFID phenotype. DESING, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This nationwide Swedish twin study includes 16 951 twin pairs born between 1992 and 2010 whose parents participated in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) at twin age 9 or 12 years. CATSS was linked to the National Patient Register (NPR) and the Prescribed Drug Register (PDR). Data were collected from July 2004 to April 2020, and data were analyzed from October 2021 to October 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: This nationwide Swedish twin study includes 16 951 twin pairs born between 1992 and 2010 whose parents participated in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) at twin age 9 or 12 years. CATSS was linked to the National Patient Register (NPR) and the Prescribed Drug Register (PDR). Data were collected from July 2004 to April 2020, and data were analyzed from October 2021 to October 2022. RESULTS: Of 33 902 included children, 17 151 (50.6%) were male. A total of 682 children (2.0%) with the ARFID phenotype were identified. The heritability of ARFID was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.70-0.85), with significant contributions from nonshared environmental factors (0.21; 95% CI, 0.15-0.30). Heritability was very similar when excluding children with autism (0.77; 95% CI, 0.67-0.84) or medical illnesses that could account for the eating disturbance (0.79; 95% CI, 0.70-0.86). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Prevalence and sex distribution of the broad ARFID phenotype were similar to previous studies, supporting the use of existing epidemiological data to identify children with ARFID. This study of the estimated genetic and environmental etiology of ARFID suggests that ARFID is highly heritable, encouraging future twin and molecular genetic studies

Stress evolution in plastically deformed austenitic and ferritic steels determined using angle- and energy-dispersive diffraction

In the presented research, the intergranular elastic interaction and the second-order plastic incompatibility stress in textured ferritic and austenitic steels were investigated by means of diffraction. The lattice strains were measured inside the samples by the multiple reflection method using high energy X-rays diffraction during uniaxial in situ tensile tests. Comparing experiment with various models of intergranular interaction, it was found that the Eshelby-Kr¨oner model correctly approximates the X-ray stress factors (XSFs) for different reflections hkl and scattering vector orientations. The verified XSFs were used to investigate the evolution of the first and second-order stresses in both austenitic and ferritic steels. It was shown that considering only the elastic anisotropy, the non-linearity of sin2ψ plots cannot be explained by crystallographic texture. Therefore, a more advanced method based on elastic-plastic self-consistent modeling (EPSC) is required for the analysis. Using such methodology the non-linearities of cos2φ plots were explained, and the evolutions of the first and second-order stresses were determined. It was found that plastic deformation of about 1–2% can completely exchange the state of second-order plastic incompatibility stresses

Stress measurements by multi-reflection grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction method (MGIXD) using different radiation wavelengths and different incident angles

The presented study introduces the development of the multi-reflection grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction method (MGIXD) for residual stress determination. The proposed new methodology is aimed at obtaining more reliable experimental data and increasing the depth of non-destructive stress determination below the sample surface. To verify proposed method measurements were performed on a classical X-ray diffractometer (Cu Kα radiation) and using synchrotron radiation (three different wavelengths: λ = 1.2527 Å, λ = 1.5419 Å and λ = 1.7512 Å). The Al2017 alloy subjected to three different surface treatments was investigated in this study. The obtained results showed that the proposed development of MGIXD method, in which not only different incident angles but also different wavelengths of X-ray are used, can be successfully applied for residual stress determination, especially when stress gradients are present in the sample

Stress distribution correlated with damage in duplex stainless steel studied by synchrotron diffraction during plastic necking

The goal of this work was the determination of lattice strains distribution in two phases of duplex steel during plastic necking. Subsequently, the stress heterogeneity in the neck was studied in order to determine the reason for the damage initiation and to verify the hypothesis that the damage begins in the ferritic phase. To do this, X-ray synchrotron radiation was used to scan the ‘in situ’ variation of the interplanar spacings along the necking zone for samples subjected to tensile loading. A self-consistent model and FEM simulation were applied for the experimental data interpretation. It was found that for advanced necking the phase lattice strains, especially those measured at some distance from the neck centre, show a large inversion of the loads localised in both phases compared to the undamaged state (the lattice strains in the ferrite become smaller than in the austenite). This effect indicates stress relaxation in the ferrite which is connected with the damage phenomenon. Correlation of the experimental results with the modelling shows that the value of von Mises stress is responsible for the initiation of the ferritic phase softening

A multireflection and multiwavelength residual stress determination method using energy dispersive diffraction

The main focus of the presented work was the investigation of structure and residual stress gradients in the near-surface region of materials studied by X-ray diffraction. The multireflection method was used to measure depth-dependent stress variation in near-surface layers of a Ti sample (grade 2) subjected to different mechanical treatments. First, the multireflection grazing incidence diffraction method was applied on a classical diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The applicability of the method was then extended by using a white synchrotron beam during an energy dispersive (ED) diffraction experiment. An advantage of this method was the possibility of using not only more than one reflection but also different wavelengths of radiation. This approach was successfully applied to analysis of data obtained in the ED experiment. There was good agreement between the measurements performed using synchrotron radiation and those with Cu Kα radiation on the classical diffractometer. A great advantage of high-energy synchrotron radiation was the possibility to measure stresses as well as the a0 parameter and c0/α0 ratio for much larger depths in comparison with laboratory X-rays. © 2018 International Union of Crystallography

Musculoskeletal Response to Whole-Body Vibration During Fracture Healing in Intact and Ovariectomized Rats

This study investigated the effect of vibration on bone healing and muscle in intact and ovariectomized rats. Thirty ovariectomized (at 3 months of age) and 30 intact 5-month old female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent bilateral metaphyseal osteotomy of tibia. Five days later, half of the ovariectomized and of the intact rats were exposed to whole-body vertical vibration (90 Hz, 0.5 mm, 4 × g acceleration) for 15 min twice a day during 30 days. The other animals did not undergo vibration. After decapitation of rats, one tibia was used for computed tomographic, biomechanical, and histological analyses; the other was used for gene expression analyses of alkaline phosphatase (Alp), osteocalcin (Oc), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 1, and insulinlike growth factor 1. Serum Alp and Oc were measured. Mitochondrial activity, fiber area and distribution, and capillary densities were analyzed in M. gastrocnemius and M. longissimus. We found that vibration had no effect on body weight and food intake, but it improved cortical and callus densities (97 vs. 99%, 72 vs. 81%), trabecular structure (9 vs. 14 trabecular nodes), blood supply (1.7 vs. 2.1 capillaries/fiber), and oxidative metabolism (17 vs. 23 pmol O2/s/mg) in ovariectomized rats. Vibration generally increased muscle fiber size. Tibia biomechanical properties were diminished after vibration. Oc gene expression was higher in vibrated rats. Serum Alp was increased in ovariectomized rats. In ovariectomized rats, vibration resulted in an earlier bridging; in intact rats, callus bridging occurred later after vibration. The chosen vibration regimen (90 Hz, 0.5 mm, 4 × g acceleration, 15 min twice a day) was effective in improving musculoskeletal tissues in ovariectomized rats but was not optimal for fracture healing

Etude des micro-contraintes dans les matériaux texturés hétérogènes par diffraction et modèles de comportement

The aim of this work is to develop the methodology of stress measurement using theoretical models describing elasto-plastic behaviour of polycrystalline materials. The main purpose is to interpret experimental results on the basis of the self-consistent model which describes the mechanisms of stress field generation in deformed polycrystalline materials. Special attention has been paid to the explanation of the physical origins of stresses and to the prediction of their evolution and influence on material properties. In Chapter 1 the classical method of stress measurement called sin2y was described. The new stress analysis – multi-reflection method - based on strain measurements using a few reflections hkl is introduced (in this method all peaks are analysed simultaneously). Also the methods of calculation of the diffraction elastic constants, which play a crucial role in the stress analysis, were presented. The determination of these constants is essential in explanation of many experimental results. New methods for the calculation of diffraction elastic constants using the self-consistent model have been elaborated and tested. These methods were used for textured samples. In Chapter 2 two models (self-consistent and Leffers-Wierzbanowski models) were presented. They enable the prediction of macroscopic material properties (e.g., texture, stressstrain curves, plastic flow surfaces, dislocation density, final state of residual stress, etc.) basing on the micro-structural characteristics (crystallography of slip systems, hardening law, initial texture, initial residual stress state, etc.). In Chapter 3 a special attention has been paid to the explanation of physical origins of the stresses and to the prediction of the stress evolution and their influence on material properties. The internal stresses were divided into three types in function of the scale. The deformation models were used to analyse the stresses present in grains (the second order stresses). Quantitave estimation of this kind of stresses is possible only by means of models; they cannot be measured directly. Interpretation of experimental data for multiphase material is more complex than for a single phase one, because it is necessary to consider interaction between phases. For this reason, the new method of investigation of multiphase materials was developed and applied for duplex stainless steel. 4 The methods of estimation of the first and the second order stresses which were presented in the third chapter are used to study the residual stresses in materials after cross rolling (Chapter 4). The cross-rolling is applied in order to symmetrize the crystallographic texture and consequently, to decrease the sample anisotropy. The results for series of copper and steel samples are presented. Finally, in Chapter 5 a new method of stress estimation using a constant and low incident beam angle (grazing angle incidence X-ray diffraction technique) was presented. In this method, the penetration depth is almost constant on the contrary to classical method. For this reason, the grazing incidence diffraction technique can be used to investigate materials with a significant stress gradient. Measurement uncertainties in this method were considered; especially the influence of absorption, Lorentz-polarization, atomic scattering factor and refractive index were studied.Etude des micro-contraintes dans les matériaux texturés hétérogènes par diffraction et modèles de comportement L'objectif de ce travail est le développement d'une méthodologie d'analyse des contraintes utilisant des modèles théoriques pour décrire le comportement élasto-plastique des matériaux polycristallins. L'étude vise d'abord l'interprétation de résultats expérimentaux par des modèles de déformation qui décrivent la création des champs de contrainte dans les matériaux polycristallins déformés. Une attention particulière est portée à l'explication des phénomènes physiques à l'origine des contraintes résiduelles et à la prédiction de leur évolution et de leur influence sur les propriétés du matériau. Dans le premier chapitre, la méthode classique, dite des sin2y, d'analyse des contraintes est présentée. Ensuite, la nouvelle méthode d'analyse, méthode de multiréflexions, basée sur les mesures de déformation en utilisant plusieurs réflexions hkl est introduite. Dans cette méthode, tous les pics de diffraction sont analysés simultanément et la distance interréticulaire dhkl est remplacée par une distance équivalente a. Aussi, sont présentées les méthodes de calcul des constantes élastiques radiocristallographiques qui jouent un rôle crucial dans la détermination des contraintes. La détermination de ces constantes est indispensable pour l'interprétation des différents résultats expérimentaux. De nouvelles méthodes de calculs des constantes élastiques radiocristallographiques utilisant le modèle autocohérent ont été développées et testées. Une attention particulière a été portée au calcul par ce nouveau modèle autocohérent dans le cas des couches superficielles (surface libre). Dans ce modèle, le calcul des forces et contraintes normales à la surface est effectué selon le modèle de Reuss et pour les deux autres directions, c'est le modèle auto-cohérent qui est utilisé. Cette méthode de calcul est particulièrement adaptée au cas de la diffraction des rayons X où seulement une couche superficielle du matériau est examinée (généralement de quelques mm d'épaisseur). Dans le chapitre suivant, deux modèles de déformation ont été développés et utilisés pour déterminer l'évolution des contraintes et analyser les propriétés du matériau. Le premier modèle (LF) est basé sur les formulations de Leffers (Lefers 1968) qui ont été reprises et développées par Wierzbanowski (Wierzbanowski 1978, 1982). Le second est le modèle autocohérent (SC) (Hutchinson 1964, Berveiller et Zaoui 1979). Dans ce travail, le calcul est réalisé à partir de l'algotithme développé par Lipinski et Berveiller (Lipinski et Berveiller 1989). Dans cette approche, le tenseur de Green est utilisé pour décrire les interactions entre les grains. Les grains du polycristal sont considérés comme des inclusions ellipsoïdales (en 3D) dans une matrice homogène. Ces deux modèles de déformation elasto-plastique (LW et SC) sont des outils très utiles pour l'étude des propriétés mécaniques des matériaux polycristallins. Ils permettent la prédiction des propriétés macroscopiques du matériau (texture, courbes contrainte-déformation, surfaces d'écoulement plastique, densité des dislocations, état final des contraintes résiduelles, etc.) à partir de ses caractéristiques microsructurales (systèmes de glissement, loi d'écrouissage, texture initiale, état initial des contraintes résiduelles, etc.) (Wierzbanowski 1978). Des résultats typiques: de texture, écrouissage et énergie stockée, obtenus par ces modèles, ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux. Le chapitre 3 est consacré principalement à l'explication des origines physiques des contraintes et de la prédiction de leur évolution, ainsi qu'à leur influence sur les propriétés du matériau. Les contraintes internes sont classées en trois types selon l'échelle : contraintes d'ordre I, II ou III. Une attention particulière est portée aux contraintes d'ordre I et II car ce sont les seules qui sont déterminées à partir de la position des pics de diffraction. Les modèles de déformation ont été utilisés pour l'analyse des contraintes à l'échelle des grains (contraintes du second ordre). L'évaluation quantitative de ce type de contraintes ne peut pas être effectuée directement par des mesures mais elle est possible grâce aux modèles. Les matériaux multi-phasés ont été également étudiés. Pour ces matériaux, l'interprétation des données expérimentales est plus complexe que celle du cas des matériaux monophasés en raison de la nécessité de prendre en compte l'interaction entre les phases. C'est pourquoi, une nouvelle méthode adaptée aux matériaux multi-phasés a été développée et appliquée au cas des aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques (aciers Duplex). Les paramètres de déformation plastique ( ph c t - scission critique résolu et Η ph - paramètre d'écrouissage) de chacune des phases ont pu être déterminés. Lors de la déformation plastique, l'évolution des contraintes dans les phases et la création de contraintes d'incompatibilité de second ordre, sont observées et l'influence de la texture cristallographique et de l'anisotropie élastique est étudiée. La méthodologie développée et utilisée dans ce travail a, donc, permis de déterminer quantitativement les contraintes du premier et du second ordre, pour chaque phase. Il a été montré qu'une bonne corrélation entre les déformations déterminées expérimentalement et les résultats théoriques, n'est obtenue que si l'influence des contraintes du second ordre est prise en compte. Aussi, le meilleur lissage des courbes expérimentales est obtenu quand les calculs intègrent les constantes d'élasticité anisotropiques et la texture réelle initiale de l'échantillon. Les méthodes de détermination des contraintes du premier et du second ordre, présentées au troisième chapitre, sont employées pour l'étude des contraintes résiduelles dans des alliages écrouis par laminage croisé (Chapitre 4). Le laminage croisé a été retenu pour ajouter une symétrie de la texture cristallographique et, donc, de réduire l'anisotropie de la pièce (comparé au laminage uniaxial). Les résultats sont présentés pour des séries d'éprouvettes en acier et en alliage de cuivre. Dans le cas de l'alliage de cuivre, les résultats montrent de très faibles niveaux de contraintes d'incompatibilité de second ordre qui peuvent être négligées. Par contre, dans le cas de la ferrite, il faut en tenir compte car leur niveau s'avère important. Les oscillations observées sur les courbes des sin2y peuvent être expliquées, dans ce cas, principalement par la présence de contraintes du second ordre. Enfin, au chapitre 5, une nouvelle méthode d'analyse des contraintes utilisant un faisceau de rayons X avec un angle d'incidence faible et constant (méthode de diffraction en incidence rasante GID-sin2y). Cette méthode présente l'avantage d'une profondeur de pénétration des rayons X constante, contrairement à la méthode des sin2y classique qui présente l'inconvénient d'une forte variation de la pénétration avec l'angle y. C'est pour cette raison que la méthode classique des sin2y est mal adaptée pour l'étude des matériaux à forts gradients de contraintes. Moyennant un choix optimisé des angles d'incidence et du type de rayonnement, la nouvelle méthode s'avère efficace pour l'étude des matériaux à forts gradients de contraintes, en permettant des mesures dans différentes couches proches de la surface. L'incertitude des mesures a été évaluée et le rôle de l'absorption, de l'indice de réfraction et des facteurs de Lorentz-polarisation et de diffusion atomique ont été étudiés. A partir de mesures sur des poudres de référence, l'influence de chacun de ces paramètres a été évaluée et prise en compte dans la détermination de la position des pics de diffraction. Les analyses effectuées ont confirmé la faible influence de l'absorption et des facteurs de Lorentz-polarisation et de diffusion atomique sur la contrainte déterminée. Par contre, ils ont révélé un effet important de l'indice de réfraction, en particulier aux petits angles d'incidence. Pour des angles d'incidence a£100, les corrections sont importantes et modifient les résultats des contraintes d'une manière significative (la correction peut atteindre 70 MPa dans le cas de la poudre). Cet effet et, donc, la correction nécessaire décroît quand l'angle d'incidence augmente

Investigation of plastic deformation heterogeneities in duplex steel by EBSD

An EBSD analysis of a duplex steel (austeno-ferritic) deformed in tension up to fracture is presented. The main purpose of the paper is to describe, qualitatively and quantitatively, the differences in the behavior of the two phases during plastic deformation. In order to do so, several topological maps are measured on the deformed state using the electron backscatter diffraction technique. Distributions of grain size, misorientation, image quality factor and texture are then analyzed in detail

Data on phylogenetic analyses of gazelles (genus Gazella) based on mitochondrial and nuclear intron markers

The data provided is related to the article "Phylogenetic analyses of gazelles reveal repeated transitions of key ecological traits and provide novel insights into the origin of the genus Gazella". The data is based on 48 tissue samples of all nine extant species of the genus Gazella, namely Gazella gazella, Gazella arabica, Gazella bennettii, Gazella cuvieri, Gazella dorcas, Gazella leptoceros, Gazella marica, Gazella spekei, and Gazella subgutturosa and four related taxa (Saiga tatarica, Antidorcas marsupialis, Antilope cervicapra and Eudorcas rufifrons). It comprises alignments of sequences of a cytochrome b data set and of six nuclear intron markers. For the latter new primers were designed based on cattle and sheep genomes. Based on these alignments phylogenetic trees were inferred using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods. Furthermore, ancestral character states (inferred with BayesTraits 1.0) and ancestral ranges based on a Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model were estimated and results׳ files were stored within this article