Unraveling a 146 Years Old Taxonomic Puzzle: Validation of Malabar Snakehead, Species-Status and Its Relevance for Channid Systematics and Evolution

The current distribution of C. diplogramma and C. micropeltes is best explained by vicariance. The significant variation in the key taxonomic characters and the results of the molecular marker analysis points towards an allopatric speciation event or vicariant divergence from a common ancestor, which molecular data suggests to have occurred as early as 21.76 million years ago. The resurrection of C. diplogramma from the synonymy of C. micropeltes has hence been confirmed 146 years after its initial description and 134 years after it was synonymised, establishing it is an endemic species of peninsular India and prioritizing its conservation value

True heterotopic bone in the paralyzed patient

In past years the clinical and radiologic presentation of true heterotopic bone in the paralyzed patient has been confused with osteomyelitis, neoplasm, trauma, and thrombophlebitis. We reviewed 376 paralyzed patients' roentgenographic files and found 78 patients with soft tissue ossification unassociated with infection, neoplasm, or underlying fractures, which we called true heterotopic bone. From this population the usual spectrum of radiologic findings is described, so that the radiologist may separate roentgenographically a group of patients from other types of ectopic ossification.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46816/1/256_2004_Article_BF00347167.pd

The effect of intra-operative skeletal (skull femoral) traction on apical vertebral rotation

The study design is a retrospective review of consecutive case series. Our goal was to identify and quantify the effect of skeletal traction on the apical vertebral rotation (AVR). Intra-operative skeletal traction has been used for the correction of large magnitude idiopathic and neuromuscular scoliosis. The ability of skeletal traction to correct the rotational deformity of the spine has not been characterized. Following REB approval, retrospective analysis of 22 (AIS = 14, neuromuscular = 8) consecutive pediatric patients having surgical posterior instrumented correction and fusion for their scoliosis was performed. Intra-operative skeletal traction with approximately 50% body weight was achieved with smooth distal femoral pins. Counter-traction up to 25% was used through Gardner–Wells tongs. The AVR of the major curve was assessed using the Nash–Moe grading system by a radiologist and a senior spine surgeon not involved in the treatment of these cases. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance. The overall mean AVR of the major structural curve was 3.1 ± 0.8 and reduced to 2.4 ± 0.6 (p = 0.0001) following traction. The AVR decreased by one or more Nash–Moe grades with traction in 14/22 (64%) patients. The Cobb angle corrected from a mean of 88.2° to 49.1° (44.3%, p = 0.00001) with traction. The decrease in AVR correlated with the higher magnitude Cobb angles (correlation 0.53, p = 0.014). Patients with pre-traction AVR ≥ 3 showed the largest change with traction (3.4–2.5, p = 0.000004). There was very good association between the radiologist and the spine surgeon, 0.72(standing films) and 0.63(traction films). The minor structural curve corrected from a mean Cobb of 53.5° to 33.8° (37.8%) with AVR decreasing from a mean of 1.9 to 1.4 (p = 0.014). Significant apical derotation occurs with the use of intra-operative skull-skeletal traction in the correction of high magnitude scoliotic curves. This derotation can facilitate spinal exposure, placement of pedicles screws and final correction in these patients

Improvement in dye sensitized solar cells from past to present

Several emerging renewable technologies are available to satisfy the current energy demand and to minimize the effect of environmental degradation caused by high consumption of fossil fuels. These technologies are not mature enough to solve this problem but require more time for improving the efficiency, and cost reduction to become the economical alternative of fossil fuels. In this paper Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been discussed in detail owing to advancement in the technology. Since each component of DSSC is responsible for a specific function, therefore, comprehensive literature studies has been done on individual section to understand the technology in depth. All the advancement in sensitizer, semiconductors, electrolyte, electrodes, additives, sealing and anchoring groups are included in this review with performance parameter of DSSC. Focus of this article is to provide summary of all available literature since beginning to date