Effect of environmental temperature on immune response of broilers

Several studies demonstrate that environmental temperature can influence the immune response of poultry. The objective of this research was to determine at which stage in the life of a bird this effect is greatest. In experiment 1, broiler breeder eggs were incubated at three different temperatures (36.8+/-0.2, 37.8+/-0.2, and 38.8+/-0.2degreesC from the 13th day of incubation to hatching. After hatching, birds were raised in thermoneutral temperature. In experiment 2, 144 1-d-old broiler chicks were distributed into three environmental chambers with different temperatures (18+/-2, 24+/-2, and 32+/-2degreesC). In both experiments, the humoral immune responses to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease (IBDV) were evaluated. NDV and IBDV antibody titers were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among treatments

Electron collisions with small esters: A joint experimental-theoretical investigation

A theoretical and experimental investigation on elastic electron scattering by two small esters, namely, methyl formate and ethyl acetate, is reported. Experimental differential, integral, and momentum-transfer cross sections are given in the 30-1000 eV and 10-120 ranges. The relative-flow technique was used to determine such quantities. Particularly for methyl formate, a theoretical study was also carried out in the 1-500 eV range. A complex optical potential derived from a Hartree-Fock molecular wave function was used to represent the collision dynamics, whereas the Padé approximation was used to solve the scattering equations. In addition, calculations based on the framework of the independent-atom model (IAM) were also performed for both targets. In general, there is good agreement between our experimental data and the present theoretical results calculated using the Padé approximation. The theoretical results using the IAM also agree well with the experimental data at 200 eV and above. Moreover, for methyl formate, our calculations reveal a 2A′′ (π∗) resonance at about 3.0 eV and a σ∗-type resonance centered at about 8.0 eV in the 2A′ scattering channel. The π∗ resonance is also seen in other targets containing a carbonyl group

Electron collisions with small esters: A joint experimental-theoretical investigation

A theoretical and experimental investigation on elastic electron scattering by two small esters, namely, methyl formate and ethyl acetate, is reported. Experimental differential, integral, and momentum-transfer cross sections are given in the 30-1000 eV and 10-120 ranges. The relative-flow technique was used to determine such quantities. Particularly for methyl formate, a theoretical study was also carried out in the 1-500 eV range. A complex optical potential derived from a Hartree-Fock molecular wave function was used to represent the collision dynamics, whereas the Padé approximation was used to solve the scattering equations. In addition, calculations based on the framework of the independent-atom model (IAM) were also performed for both targets. In general, there is good agreement between our experimental data and the present theoretical results calculated using the Padé approximation. The theoretical results using the IAM also agree well with the experimental data at 200 eV and above. Moreover, for methyl formate, our calculations reveal a 2A′′ (π∗) resonance at about 3.0 eV and a σ∗-type resonance centered at about 8.0 eV in the 2A′ scattering channel. The π∗ resonance is also seen in other targets containing a carbonyl group