The Effectiveness of Audit Guideline Using Directive Discourse for Control and Prevention of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is one of the major problems in the hospital, due to its increasing of prevalence. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the Audit Guideline for control and prevention of MRSA infection, using directive discourse on nurses in hospitals. The Audit Guideline was focused on its effectiveness in improving the situation awareness of the nurses. This study was a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest control group design. The population was ward nurses in a hospital. The samples were taken from four medical wards, two wards as the treatment group (25 nurses) and two wards as the control group (28 nurses). The two groups get the training of MRSA infection control and prevention. The training of the guideline of MRSA infection control and prevention using directive discourse was only applied in the treatment group. The analysis of the results of the situation awareness action was conducted, and the result of situation awareness action was improved from 0.8 response to 1.8 response (p = 0.014). This result was significantly difference because of the training using Audit Guideline for MRSA infections control and prevention with directive discourse become a positive reinforcement, the positive driven to stimulate behavior change of the nurses

TLR1-induced chemokine production is critical for mucosal immunity against Yersinia enterocolitica.

Our gastrointestinal tract is a portal of entry for a number of bacteria and viruses. Thus, this tissue must develop ways to induce antigen-specific T cell and antibody responses quickly. Intestinal epithelial cells are a central player in barrier function and also in communicating signals from invading pathogens to the underlying immune tissue. Here we demonstrate that activation of Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) in the epithelium leads to the upregulation of the chemokine CCL20 during oral infection with Yersinia enterocolitica. Further, both neutralization of CCL20 using polyclonal antibody treatment and deletion of TLR1 resulted in a defect in CCR6+ dendritic cells (DCs), which produce innate cytokines that help to induce anti-Yersinia-specific T helper 17 (TH17) cells and IgA production. These data demonstrate a novel role for TLR1 signaling in the intestinal epithelium and demonstrate that together TLR1 and CCL20 are critical mediators of TH17 immunity through the activation and recruitment of DCs

Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men who have sex with men: prevalence and lack of anogenital concordance.

To estimate the prevalence of oral detectable human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) attending a sexual health clinic in London and concordance with anogenital HPV infection. Such data are important to improve our understanding of the epidemiology of oral HPV and the potential use of vaccines to prevent oropharyngeal cancers

Towards a Conceptualization of Sociomaterial Entanglement

In knowledge representation, socio-technical systems can be modeled as multiagent systems in which the local knowledge of each individual agent can be seen as a context. In this paper we propose formal ontologies as a means to describe the assumptions driving the construction of contexts as local theories and to enable interoperability among them. In particular, we present two alternative conceptualizations of the notion of sociomateriality (and entanglement), which is central in the recent debates on socio-technical systems in the social sciences, namely critical and agential realism. We thus start by providing a model of entanglement according to the critical realist view, representing it as a property of objects that are essentially dependent on different modules of an already given ontology. We refine then our treatment by proposing a taxonomy of sociomaterial entanglements that distinguishes between ontological and epistemological entanglement. In the final section, we discuss the second perspective, which is more challenging form the point of view of knowledge representation, and we show that the very distinction of information into modules can be at least in principle built out of the assumption of an entangled reality

Subcellular partitioning of MRP RNA assessed by ultrastructural and biochemical analysis.

A small RNA encoded within the nucleus is an essential subunit of a RNA processing endonuclease (RNase MRP) hypothesized to generate primers for mitochondrial DNA replication from the heavy strand origin of replication. Controversy has arisen, however, concerning the authenticity of an intramitochondrial pool of MRP RNA, and has called into question the existence of pathways for nucleo-mitochondrial transport of nucleic acids in animal cells. In an effort to resolve this controversy, we combined ultrastructural in situ hybridization and biochemical techniques to assess the subcellular partitioning of MRP RNA. Cryosections of mouse cardiomyocytes were hybridized with biotin-labeled RNA probes complementary to different regions of MRP RNA and varying in length from 115 to 230 nucleotides, followed by immunogold labeling. In addition, we transfected mouse C2C12 myogenic cells with constructs bearing mutated forms of the mouse MRP RNA gene and compared the relative abundance of the resulting transcripts to that of control RNAs within whole cell and mitochondrial fractions. In the former analysis we observed preferential localization of MRP RNA to nucleoli and mitochondria in comparison to the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. In the latter series of studies we observed that wild-type MRP RNA partitions to the mitochondrial fraction by comparison to other RNA transcripts that are localized to the extramitochondrial cytoplasmic space (28S rRNA) or to the nucleoplasm (U1 snRNA). Deletions within 5' or 3' regions of the MRP RNA gene produced transcripts that remain competent for mitochondrial targeting. In contrast, deletion of the midportion of the coding region (nt 118 to 175) of the MRP RNA gene resulted in transcripts that fail to partition to the mitochondrial fraction. We conclude that an authentic intramitochondrial pool of MRP RNA is present in these actively respiring cells, and that specific structural determinants within the MRP RNA molecule permit it to be partitioned to mitochondria

The Effectiveness of Audit Guideline Using Directive Discourse for Control and Prevention of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is one of the major problems in the hospital, due to its increasing of prevalence. The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the Audit Guideline for control and prevention of MRSA infection, using directive discourse on nurses in hospitals. The Audit Guideline was focused on its effectiveness in improving the situation awareness of the nurses. This study was a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest control group design. The population was ward nurses in a hospital. The samples were taken from four medical wards, two wards as the treatment group (25 nurses) and two wards as the control group (28 nurses). The two groups get the training of MRSA infection control and prevention. The training of the guideline of MRSA infection control and prevention using directive discourse was only applied in the treatment group. The analysis of the results of the situation awareness action was conducted, and the result of situation awareness action was improved from 0.8 response to 1.8 response (p = 0.014). This result was significantly difference because of the training using Audit Guideline for MRSA infections control and prevention with directive discourse become a positive reinforcement, the positive driven to stimulate behavior change of the nurses

An ab-initio analysis of the influence of knock-on-atom induced damage on the peak tensile strength of 3C-SiC grain boundaries

The effect of knock-on atom induced damage on the peak tensile strength of cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC) is examined using an ab initio simulation framework based on Car Parrinello Molecular Dynamics method. The framework examines the effect of impact damage caused by a knock-on atom with velocities corresponding to four different kinetic energy levels (50 eV, 500 eV, 1 keV, and 2 keV) in three different SiC structure samples with different grain boundary (GB) configurations. Analyses show that peak tensile strength of the examined structures decreases by up to 37% in samples with GBs due to the impact damage caused by knock-on atom when compared with the case of single crystalline SiC under similar conditions. Analyses reveal new insights regarding the influence of bond strength change under knock-on atom induced impact damage on peak tensile strength of the examined structures. It is found that the peak tensile strength of the examined structures is a function of change in temperature, impact energy, and GB configuration. In order to extend the observed correlation of the peak tensile strength with atomic configurations to other structure types, a fractal dimension-based approach is adopted to predict structure peak tensile strength as a function of knock-on atom impact energy, temperature, and GB configuration. Analyses show that the tensile strength of the examined SiC structures increases as a function of their fractal dimension increase. Fractal dimensions also change as a function of change in impact energy level and the corresponding damage in an inversely proportional manner. Based on the observed correlations, an empirical relation to predict structure peak tensile strength as a function of simulation parameters is developed. The developed relation is found to predict strength data of structures not included in the fitting with good accuracy

The host galaxies of luminous radio-quiet quasars

We present the results of a deep K-band imaging study which reveals the host galaxies around a sample of luminous radio-quiet quasars. The K-band images, obtained at UKIRT, are of sufficient quality to allow accurate modelling of the underlying host galaxy. Initially, the basic structure of the hosts is revealed using a modified Clean deconvolution routine optimised for this analysis. 2 of the 14 quasars are shown to have host galaxies with violently disturbed morphologies which cannot be modelled by smooth elliptical profiles. For the remainder of our sample, 2D models of the host and nuclear component are fitted to the images using the chi-squared statistic to determine goodness of fit. Host galaxies are detected around all of the quasars. The reliability of the modelling is extensively tested, and we find the host luminosity to be well constrained for 9 quasars. The derived average K-band absolute K-corrected host galaxy magnitude for these luminous radio-quiet quasars is =-25.15+/-0.04, slightly more luminous than an L* galaxy. The spread of derived host galaxy luminosities is small, although the spread of nuclear-to-host ratios is not. These host luminosities are shown to be comparable to those derived from samples of quasars of lower total luminosity and we conclude that there is no correlation between host and nuclear luminosity for these quasars. Nuclear-to-host ratios break the lower limit previously suggested from studies of lower nuclear luminosity quasars and Seyfert galaxies. Morphologies are less certain but, on the scales probed by these images, some hosts appear to be dominated by spheroids but others appear to have disk-dominated profiles.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, revised version to be published in MNRA