Water use and grain yield response of rainfed soybean to tillage-mulch practices in southeastern Nigeria

Despite the agronomic, economic and food values of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), there is still dearth of information on the tillage need and the implications of surface mulch for the crop in the eastern part of the forest-savanna transition zone of Nigeria. This study was therefore carried out on a sandy loam Ultisol at Nsukka with a sub-humid climate, during 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons. Our objective was to devise an appropriate tillage method for the crop from evaluated effects of no-till (NT), conventional tillage (CT) and mulch on selected key agronomic indices. Each of the NT and the CT was either unmulched (U) or mulched (M) in a split-plot, giving four treatments/tillage methods (NTU, NTM, CTU and CTM) randomized in four blocks. Rainfall was more favorable in the first than in the second season. The mean seasonal soil water storage (range, 99-109 mm) within 0.5-m soil layer differed among the treatments (NTU < CTU < NTM = CTM). However, for the first and second seasons, both water use (582-616 and 667-709 mm respectively) and grain yield (0.71-0.81 and 1.22-1.91 Mg ha-1 respectively) were not different. Mulch lowered the crop water use but had no influence on grain yield. Water use efficiency was enhanced with mulch only in the second season. Although either of the two mulch treatments (NTM/CTM) would be suitable for growing soybean especially in years of unfavorably distributed rainfall, NTM is a more rational choice than CTM. Rainfall adequacy at the critical reproductive stage of the crop showed to be a more important yield factor than the tested tillage methods

Aplicações da curva de resistência no controle da qualidade física de um solo sob pastagem Applications of the resistance curve in the control of the physical quality of soils under grass

A degradação da qualidade física do solo pode estar associada com a compactação causada pelo pisoteio dos animais. A resistência do solo à penetração (RP) é um parâmetro físico utilizado para estabelecer o grau de compactação do solo. Contudo, esta varia com a umidade (teta) e densidade do solo (Ds). O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter a curva de resistência do solo e utilizá-la na avaliação da qualidade física do solo num sistema de pastejo intensivo rotacionado de capim-elefante. A curva de resistência do solo foi determinada por meio de 48 amostras indeformadas, obtidas na profundidade de 0-10 cm numa Terra Roxa Estruturada utilizada com pastagem em sistema intensivo de exploração. Os resultados demonstraram correlação negativa entre a RP e teta, e correlação positiva entre RP e Ds. Estimativas indicaram que no potencial de -0,01 MPa a RP não atinge valores considerados restritivos ao crescimento radicular. Entretanto, no potencial de -0,3 MPa, a RP atinge níveis limitantes em toda a área. Quanto ao sistema de manejo e a espécie estudada, os resultados sugerem que a curva de resistência do solo pode ser utilizada para orientar as práticas de manejo visando à manutenção de uma qualidade física do solo adequada para o crescimento das plantas.<br>The degradation of the physical quality of soils has been associated with the soil compaction caused by animal trampling. The soil resistance to penetration (SRP) is a soil physical parameter used to assess the soil compaction degree. However, SRP varies with soil moisture (theta) and bulk density (Db). The objective of this research was to quantify the soil resistance curve and use it to evaluate the physical quality of a soil under short duration grazing system of elephant grass. The soil resistance curve was measured using forty-eight undisturbed cores taken at the 0-10 cm depth of a Kandiudalfic Eutrudox used with elephant grass in intensive system of exploration. The results indicated a negative correlation among SRP and theta as well as a positive correlation between SRP and Db. Predictions indicated that at soil matric potential equal to -0.01 MPa the SRP did not reach critical values to root growth. Nevertheless, at the soil matric potential equal to -0.3 MPa, the SRP reached limiting values in the whole area. For the management system and the studied species, the results suggest that soil resistance curve may be used to guide soil management practices for maintaining a good soil physical quality for grass growth