The Dutch National System for forest sector greenhouse gas reporting under UNFCCC

UNFCCC, Carbon sequestration, Deforestation, Netherlands, CO2FIX,

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: an underestimated condition in men.

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Effects of ecosystem diversity on species richness and ecosystem functioning and services: a general conceptualization

Biodiversity has a hierarchical structure, consisting of genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Although the importance of genetic and species diversities is well recognized from both basic and applied perspectives, there has been virtually no conceptualization of how and why ecosystem diversity matters from an ecological or socioecological perspective. Here, we describe the role of ecosystem diversity with respect to three different properties, namely, species diversity, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services. Ecosystem diversity increases species diversity by additive and nonadditive, or emergent, processes. The additive process is self-evident, but the emergent process is not well recognized. Habitat complementation and supplementation are examples of the emergent effect; both these paths facilitate population persistence and enhance species richness under composite ecosystems or in heterogeneous landscapes. Here not only compositional heterogeneity but also configuration heterogeneity matters. Linkage and interactions of different ecosystems are also important for ecosystem resilience and services. Empirical studies show that movement of organisms or nutrients between ecosystems sustains and/or stabilizes ecosystem dynamics, and theoretical food web studies show that the presence of a weak trophic linkage between ecosystems stabilizes the dynamics of the system as a whole. Also, heterogeneous landscapes consisting of multiple landscape elements are buffered against disturbances caused by cyclones, fire, and eutrophication. Maintaining spatial resilience across landscapes is the key to increasing the robustness and sustainability of socioecological systems in a changing world