49,026 research outputs found
Exploring the rationale of enlightened shareholder value in the realm of UK company law β the path dependence perspective
Despite conventional beliefs in the predominance of shareholder value, a broader agenda of stakeholder consideration has been advocated in the UK by the recently-introduced ESV principle β the overriding corporate objective in the new company law regime. In this paper, the efficiency of this principle in terms of stakeholder enhancement is challenged through an interdisciplinary analysis. Through a critical review of the ESV principle, it is discovered that stakeholder enhancement practices in the context of the 2006 company law regime are still for the fundamental goal of shareholder value maximisation, and that their enlightened impact has been fairly limited in practice. Furthermore, by revisiting the interrelationships between UK economic, political and cultural factors with the predominance objective of shareholder value maximisation in the Companies Act 2006, it is discovered that the enlightened effect of this new approach in the company law regime is in fact impeded by strong, persistent forces deriving from shareholder-oriented particulars. Providing insight into the future direction of corporate governance practice, the paper concludes the rationale behind the shareholder-oriented ESV principle, and further suggests the continuing predominance of shareholder value in UK corporate governance
DEMAND SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN NATURAL, FLAVORED, AND SYNTHETIC CITRUS JUICES
Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,
Exterior splashes and linear sets of rank 3
In \PG(2,q^3), let be a subplane of order that is exterior to
\li. The exterior splash of is defined to be the set of
points on \li that lie on a line of . This article investigates
properties of an exterior \orsp\ and its exterior splash. We show that the
following objects are projectively equivalent: exterior splashes, covers of the
circle geometry , Sherk surfaces of size , and
\GF(q)-linear sets of rank 3 and size . We compare our construction
of exterior splashes with the projection construction of a linear set. We give
a geometric construction of the two different families of sublines in an
exterior splash, and compare them to the known families of sublines in a
scattered linear set of rank 3
The tangent splash in \PG(6,q)
Let B be a subplane of PG(2,q^3) of order q that is tangent to .
Then the tangent splash of B is defined to be the set of q^2+1 points of
that lie on a line of B. In the Bruck-Bose representation of
PG(2,q^3) in PG(6,q), we investigate the interaction between the ruled surface
corresponding to B and the planes corresponding to the tangent splash of B. We
then give a geometric construction of the unique order--subplane determined
by a given tangent splash and a fixed order--subline.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1303.550
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CO2 per se activates carbon dioxide receptors.
Carbon dioxide has been used in traps for more than six decades to monitor mosquito populations and help make informed vector management decisions. CO2 is sensed by gustatory receptors (GRs) housed in neurons in the maxillary palps. CO2-sensitive GRs have been identified from the vinegar fly and mosquitoes, but it remains to be resolved whether these receptors respond to CO2 or bicarbonate. As opposed to the vinegar fly, mosquitoes have three GR subunits, but it is assumed that subunits GR1 and GR3 form functional receptors. In our attempt to identify the chemical species that bind these receptors, we discovered that GR2 and GR3 are essential for receptor function and that GR1 appears to function as a modulator. While Xenopus oocytes coexpressing Culex quinquefasciatus subunits CquiGR1/3 and CquiGR1/2 were not activated, CquiGR2/3 gave robust responses to sodium bicarbonate. Interestingly, CquiGR1/2/3-coexpressing oocytes gave significantly lower responses. That the ternary combination is markedly less sensitive than the GR2/GR3 combination was also observed with orthologs from the yellow fever and the malaria mosquito. By comparing responses of CquiGR2/CquiGR3-coexpressing oocytes to sodium bicarbonate samples (with or without acidification) and measuring the concentration of aqueous CO2, we showed that there is a direct correlation between dissolved CO2 and receptor response. We then concluded that subunits GR2 and GR3 are essential for these carbon dioxide-sensitive receptors and that they are activated by CO2 per se, not bicarbonate
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