The same but different: Understanding entrepreneurial behaviour in disadvantaged communities

While entrepreneurship is widely viewed as being equally accessible in all contexts, it could be questioned if potential or nascent entrepreneurs from minority and disadvantaged communities experience entrepreneurship in a similar manner to the mainstream population. This chapter examines immigrant, people with disability, youth, gay and unemployed communities to explore how their entrepreneurial behaviour might differ from the practices of mainstream entrepreneurs. What emerges is that marginalised communities can frequently find it difficult to divorce business from social living. This can have both positive and negative connotations for an entrepreneur, plus they face additional and distinctive challenges that mainstream entrepreneurs do not experience. The chapter concludes by proposing a novel ‘funnel approach’ that policymakers might adopt when seeking to introduce initiatives targeted at these disadvantaged communities

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Bounded autonomy and behavioral ethics: Deonance and reactance as competing motives

We analyze business behavioral ethics in terms of bounded autonomy, namely the result of tensions between the countervailing motivations of reactance (tendencies that involve the freedom of behaving in certain ways as a right) versus deonance (tendencies that involve the appropriateness of behaving in certain ways as an obligation). We focus in particular on how the resolution of such tensions (i.e. establishment of a boundary between rights and duties- free behaviors versus non-free behaviors-in a state of dynamic equilibrium) can cause behavior to be seen as ethical by the person performing the behavior (the actor), but seen as unethical by impartial observers. That discrepancy comes from the actor\u27s assessment of the behavior in question as having either an inherent status (the type of behavior it is) or an instrumental status (what it does). This analysis leads us to a discussion of the following four types of situations involving unethical behavior: freedom expansion based on a behavior\u27s inherent status or on its instrumental status; and freedom contraction based on a behavior\u27s inherent status or on its instrumental status. We outline propositions consistent with those distinctions and conclude with theoretical implications. © The Author(s) 2013

A apropriação e uso de conhecimentos de gestão para a mudança de cultura na enfermagem como disciplina

Reflexão acerca da possibilidade do uso de conhecimentos de gestão no processo do trabalho em saúde, apresentando aspectos gerais do processo gerencial e considerações sobre o trabalho da enfermagem no contexto geral do trabalho em saúde e elementos da cultura organizacional e suas implicações no contexto do trabalho da Enfermagem. A manutenção do modelo de gerência tradicional como o principal norteador da organização do trabalho na área da saúde vem inibindo a produção da Disciplina Enfermagem. Urge, na Enfermagem, que se propiciem aos trabalhadores possibilidades para criar, desenvolver, usar novas ferramentas e tecnologias para gerenciar o processo de trabalho, encontrar formas criativas e inovadoras de produzir e viver, ter qualidade de vida pessoal e profissional, ser ético/estético, dentre outros. Apropriar–se e utilizar conhecimentos acerca das diferentes formas de gerenciar o processo de produção no trabalho apresenta–se como uma importante estratégia capaz de propiciar o desenvolvimento da Enfermagem como disciplina.This project is a reflection concerning the possibility of using management knowledge in the process of health care work, presenting general aspects of the management process and considerations about nursing work in the general context of health care work, and elements of the organizational culture and their implications in the context of Nursing work. The maintenance of the traditional management model as the main orientation of work organization in health care has been inhibiting production within the academic area of Nursing. It urges, in Nursing, that workers are given possibilities to create, develop, and use new tools and technologies to manage the work process; to find creative and innovative forms to produce and to live, attaining satisfactory quality of life in personal and professional ways, and being ethical/aesthetic, amongst others. Taking possession and using knowledge concerning the different forms of managing the productive process in work is presented as an important strategy capable of making possible the development of Nursing as a subject.Este trabajo es una reflexión acerca de la posibilidad del uso de conocimientos de gestión en el proceso del trabajo en el área de la salud, presentando aspectos generales del proceso administrativo y las consideraciones sobre el trabajo de la enfermería en el contexto general del trabajo en la salud y los elementos de la cultura organizativa y sus implicaciones en el contexto del trabajo de la Enfermería. El mantenimiento del modelo de la gerencia tradicional como el principal orientador de la organización del trabajo en el área de la salud viene cohibiendo la producción de la Asignatura de Enfermería. Es urgente, en la Enfermería, que se propicien en los trabajadores las debidas posibilidades para crear, desarrollar, usar nuevas herramientas y tecnologías para administrar el proceso de trabajo, encontrar formas creativas e innovadoras de producir y vivir, tener calidad de vida personal y profesional, ser ético/estético, entre otros. Apropiarse y utilizar conocimientos acerca de las diferentes formas de administrar el proceso de producción en el trabajo se presenta como una importante estrategia capaz de deparar y proporcionar el desarrollo de la Enfermería como una asignatura