37 research outputs found
An empirical approach to the nucleation of sulfuric acid droplets in the atmosphere
We use quantum mechanical evaluations of the Gibbs free energy of the hydrates of sulfuric acid, H2SO4. nH2O and (H2SO4)2
. nH2O to evaluate an empirical surface tension for sulfuric acid-water clusters containing few molecules.
We use this surface tension to evaluate nucleation rates using classical heteromolecular theory. At low temperatures
(T 213 K) the nucleation rates obtained with the empirical surface tensions are signifi cantly greater than those
using bulk values of the surface tension. At higher temperatures the difference disappears
Lung-dominant connective tissue disease among patients with interstitial lung disease: prevalence, functional stability, and common extrathoracic features
The ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) developed by the WHO for measuring function in hemophilia
The influence of training and experience on memory strategy
© 2015, Psychonomic Society, Inc. This paper investigates whether, and if so how much, prior training and experience overwrite the influence of the constraints of the task environment on strategy deployment. This evidence is relevant to the theory of soft constraints that focuses on the role of constraints in the task environment (Gray, Simms, Fu, & Schoelles, Psychological Review, 113: 461–482, 2006). The theory explains how an increase in the cost of accessing information induces a more memory-based strategy involving more encoding and planning. Experiments 1 and 3 adopt a traditional training and transfer design using the Blocks World Task in which participants were exposed to training trials involving a 2.5-s delay in accessing goal-state information before encountering transfer trials in which there was no access delay. The effect of prior training was assessed by the degree of memory-based strategy adopted in the transfer trials. Training with an access delay had a substantial carry-over effect and increased the subsequent degree of memory-based strategy adopted in the transfer environment. However, such effects do not necessarily occur if goal-state access cost in training is less costly than in transfer trials (Experiment 2). Experiment 4 used a fine-grained intra-trial design to examine the effect of experiencing access cost on one, two, or three occasions within the same trial and found that such experience on two consecutive occasions was sufficient to induce a more memory-based strategy. This paper establishes some effects of training that are relevant to the soft constraints theory and also discusses practical implications