Management education using social media

The millennial generation of students are digital natives coming to higher education with extensive experience in social media. Business and other organizations are expecting their recruits to have high proficiency in these technologies, too. This article is an overview of the use of the main social media in teaching. Facebook, blogs, YouTube, Twitter, MySpace, and Second Life are discussed with examples of how they can be used to foster robust collaboration among learners in management education. The movement to richer media such as video blogs (vlogs) is assessed. Caveats for implementing the social media in higher educational settings are noted

Reframing Management Education With Social Media

The current and forthcoming generations of students in higher education are digital natives, having been born into a world of computing that has provided them with a high level of comfort and wherewithal with social media. Business and other organizations recognize the importance of creative proficiency in social technologies as an important dimension of human capital. This article is an overview of popular social media platforms and their practical use in higher education. Specifically, Facebook, blogs, YouTube, Twitter, LinkedIn, wikis, Meetup, and Second Life are discussed with examples of use in fostering effective management education. The continued lowering of barriers to the creation of richer media, such as video blogs (vlogs), is assessed. Potential difficulties and drawbacks of implementing social media in higher educational contexts are noted. This article updates Wankel’s earlier work from 2009

Dark biological superoxide production as a significant flux and sink of marine dissolved oxygen

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sutherland, K. M., Wankel, S. D., & Hansel, C. M. Dark biological superoxide production as a significant flux and sink of marine dissolved oxygen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(7), (2020): 3433-3439, doi:10.1073/pnas.1912313117.The balance between sources and sinks of molecular oxygen in the oceans has greatly impacted the composition of Earth’s atmosphere since the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, thereby exerting key influence on Earth’s climate and the redox state of (sub)surface Earth. The canonical source and sink terms of the marine oxygen budget include photosynthesis, respiration, photorespiration, the Mehler reaction, and other smaller terms. However, recent advances in understanding cryptic oxygen cycling, namely the ubiquitous one-electron reduction of O2 to superoxide by microorganisms outside the cell, remains unexplored as a potential player in global oxygen dynamics. Here we show that dark extracellular superoxide production by marine microbes represents a previously unconsidered global oxygen flux and sink comparable in magnitude to other key terms. We estimate that extracellular superoxide production represents a gross oxygen sink comprising about a third of marine gross oxygen production, and a net oxygen sink amounting to 15 to 50% of that. We further demonstrate that this total marine dark extracellular superoxide flux is consistent with concentrations of superoxide in marine environments. These findings underscore prolific marine sources of reactive oxygen species and a complex and dynamic oxygen cycle in which oxygen consumption and corresponding carbon oxidation are not necessarily confined to cell membranes or exclusively related to respiration. This revised model of the marine oxygen cycle will ultimately allow for greater reconciliation among estimates of primary production and respiration and a greater mechanistic understanding of redox cycling in the ocean.This work was supported by NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship NNX15AR62H to K.M.S., NASA Exobiology grant NNX15AM04G to S.D.W. and C.M.H., and NSF Division of Ocean Sciences grant 1355720 to C.M.H. This research was further supported in part by Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute of Advanced Study fellowships to C.M.H. and S.D.W. We thank Danielle Hicks for assistance with figures and Community Earth Systems Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project for the availability and use of its data product. The CESM project is primarily supported by the NSF

Rethinking norms on return to urban refugee situations: Sub-Saharan African refugees in Cairo and irregular secondary movement to Israel

The long-running controversy in international refugee law over the concept of safe third countries is particularly challenging when refugees migrate irregularly from urban settings. While urban-based refugees often face a distinct set of human rights violations, the complexity that characterizes how these abuses fit into the larger picture of urban poverty and state ineffectiveness, combined with continued ambiguity concerning the minimal standards of protection necessary to allow a state to return a refugee to a first country of asylum, allows receiving states to deny protection obligations by relying on the argument that the hardships compelling movement, if they did not amount to a threat of refoulement, do not fundamentally differ from those facing the national urban poor. Since 2005, increasing numbers of Sub-Saharan African refugees have crossed from Egypt into Israel via the Sinai border, most reporting that harsh living conditions and acute vulnerability to violence and exploitation in Egypt left them with no choice but to move on illegally. While Israel has refrained from deporting the vast majority, it continues to deny its legal obligations to those arriving from Egypt, arguing that most had obtained protection from persecution and that their reasons for movement are instead primarily economic. Based on information obtained from interviews with refugees in Tel Aviv and Cairo, this study aims to more clearly define Israel\u27s legal obligations by carrying out an analysis of the conditions compelling movement based on the principles developed in R. (Adam, Limbuela, and Tesema) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (2005) a landmark case which expanded the meaning and scope of the international prohibition on cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. I do not attempt to assess comprehensively the empirical nature of migration from Egypt to Israel, but rather to use this sample of interviews as a case study to apply this emerging area of law to bridge the gap between the realities compelling onward movement from urban contexts and the minimal constraints on return currently accepted as binding

Who is Really Pulling the Strings? Personality Profile and Threat Assessment of North Korean Leader Kim Jong Un

The purpose of this study was to construct a personality profile as a basis for conducting a threat assessment of Kim Jong-un, supreme leader of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). The study was conducted from the conceptual perspective of Theodore Millon, as adapted by Aubrey Immelman for at-a-distance assessment of personality in politics. Psychodiagnostically relevant data regarding Kim were collected from a multitude of open-source media reports and expert analyses. These data were then compiled, categorized, and coded using Immelman’s Millon Inventory of Diagnostic Criteria (MIDC), which yields 34 normal and maladaptive personality classifications largely congruent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The personality patterns yielded by the MIDC were analyzed in accordance with interpretive guidelines in the MIDC manual. Kim’s primary personality patterns were found to be Dominant/controlling and Outgoing/gregarious. Secondary personality patterns were found to be Ambitious/confident, Dauntless/adventurous, and Accommodating/cooperative. Based on his primary Outgoing-Dominant personality composite, Kim was classified as a high-dominance extravert. The psychological profile provides a basis for inferring the influence of Kim’s personality on DPRK regime behavior and the threat posed by North Korea with respect to U.S. national security

Enriched Iron(III)-Reducing Bacterial Communities are Shaped by Carbon Substrate and Iron Oxide Mineralogy

Iron (Fe) oxides exist in a spectrum of structures in the environment, with ferrihydrite widely considered the most bioavailable phase. Yet, ferrihydrite is unstable and rapidly transforms to more crystalline Fe(III) oxides (e.g., goethite, hematite), which are poorly reduced by model dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms. This begs the question, what processes and microbial groups are responsible for reduction of crystalline Fe(III) oxides within sedimentary environments? Further, how do changes in Fe mineralogy shape oxide-hosted microbial populations? To address these questions, we conducted a large-scale cultivation effort using various Fe(III) oxides (ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite) and carbon substrates (glucose, lactate, acetate) along a dilution gradient to enrich for microbial populations capable of reducing Fe oxides spanning a wide range of crystallinities and reduction potentials. While carbon source was the most important variable shaping community composition within Fe(III)-reducing enrichments, both Fe oxide type and sediment dilution also had a substantial influence. For instance, with acetate as the carbon source, only ferrihydrite enrichments displayed a significant amount of Fe(III) reduction and the well-known dissimilatory metal reducer Geobacter sp. was the dominant organism enriched. In contrast, when glucose and lactate were provided, all three Fe oxides were reduced and reduction coincided with the presence of fermentative (e.g., Enterobacter spp.) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g., Desulfovibrio spp.). Thus, changes in Fe oxide structure and resource availability may shift Fe(III)-reducing communities between dominantly metal-respiring to fermenting and/or sulfate-reducing organisms which are capable of reducing more recalcitrant Fe phases. These findings highlight the need for further targeted investigations into the composition and activity of speciation-directed metal-reducing populations within natural environments.Engineering and Applied Science

Norge.

Norge

The Education and Development of Company Managers in the Czech Republic and Ukraine

The education and development of managers is a key component of corporate education policy because managers have a significant influence on overall company performance. The aim of the research set out in this paper was to determine, on the basis of a sample set of 607 companies from the Czech Republic and a sample set of 145 companies from Ukraine, to what extent the education of managers takes place in companies. The companies were divided into four categories according to their size (in terms of number of employees). The assumption was made that the education of managers is most widespread in economically more developed countries where companies have greater financial resources at their disposal and are more willing to invest in the education of their employees, and therefore managers. The hypothesis was therefore put forward that the education of managers is more widespread in the Czech Republic than in Ukraine and that the organization thereof in both countries is directly related to company size (i.e. the larger the company, the more widespread the education of managers). The hypotheses were confirmed

Enriched iron(III)-reducing bacterial communities are shaped by carbon substrate and iron oxide mineralogy

© The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 3 (2012): 404, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00404.Iron (Fe) oxides exist in a spectrum of structures in the environment, with ferrihydrite widely considered the most bioavailable phase. Yet, ferrihydrite is unstable and rapidly transforms to more crystalline Fe(III) oxides (e.g., goethite, hematite), which are poorly reduced by model dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing microorganisms. This begs the question, what processes and microbial groups are responsible for reduction of crystalline Fe(III) oxides within sedimentary environments? Further, how do changes in Fe mineralogy shape oxide-hosted microbial populations? To address these questions, we conducted a large-scale cultivation effort using various Fe(III) oxides (ferrihydrite, goethite, hematite) and carbon substrates (glucose, lactate, acetate) along a dilution gradient to enrich for microbial populations capable of reducing Fe oxides spanning a wide range of crystallinities and reduction potentials. While carbon source was the most important variable shaping community composition within Fe(III)-reducing enrichments, both Fe oxide type and sediment dilution also had a substantial influence. For instance, with acetate as the carbon source, only ferrihydrite enrichments displayed a significant amount of Fe(III) reduction and the well-known dissimilatory metal reducer Geobacter sp. was the dominant organism enriched. In contrast, when glucose and lactate were provided, all three Fe oxides were reduced and reduction coincided with the presence of fermentative (e.g., Enterobacter spp.) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g., Desulfovibrio spp.). Thus, changes in Fe oxide structure and resource availability may shift Fe(III)-reducing communities between dominantly metal-respiring to fermenting and/or sulfate-reducing organisms which are capable of reducing more recalcitrant Fe phases. These findings highlight the need for further targeted investigations into the composition and activity of speciation-directed metal-reducing populations within natural environments.This work was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant no. DGE-0946799 and DGE-1144152 awarded to Christopher J. Lentini