Dynamique du chablis en forêt boréale irrégulière et aménagement écosystémique

La mise en place d’un aménagement forestier écosystémique passe par une meilleure connaissance des régimes de perturbations naturelles. En forêt boréale canadienne, le feu est la perturbation naturelle la plus été étudiée. Cependant, dans les régions où le cycle de feu est long, d’autres perturbations, comme le chablis, sont importantes. La description du régime de chablis dans la forêt boréale de l’est du Québec a été effectuée en tenant compte de ses caractéristiques intrinsèques, temporelles et spatiales, ainsi que ses conséquences sur l’écosystème forestier. D’abord, les caractéristiques de station et géoclimatiques influençant la susceptibilité d’un peuplement au chablis à l’échelle du paysage ont été étudiées. La base de données SIFORT a été utilisée, permettant une profondeur temporelle d’environ 30 ans. Deuxièmement, les caractéristiques spatiales du chablis et des coupes ont été analysées à l’échelle du paysage et de la perturbation, dans trois zones de la pessière de 5000 ha. Finalement, à l’échelle du peuplement, les principaux attributs clés présents en pessière suite au chablis ont été recensés et comparés à ceux retrouvés après coupe de récupération. Ces trois approches complémentaires ont permis de dresser un portrait du chablis en forêt boréale irrégulière. Les variables ayant le meilleur pouvoir prédictif de la susceptibilité au chablis sont le topex, l’épaisseur du dépôt et la pente. Les chablis sont surtout partiels et couvrent 0.23% du territoire annuellement. Les chablis partiels présentent une variété de tailles plus importante que les chablis totaux, qui eux, sont plus petits. Les chablis partiels possèdent, en moyenne, plus de 60% de leur superficie couverte par des arbres vivants. Les coupes de récupération modifient les attributs post-chablis. La quantité de bois mort est réduite et les stades de dégradation ne sont pas tous représentés. Les lits de germination et la présence de bryophytes sont aussi affectés par les opérations de récolte. Dans un contexte d’aménagement écosystémique, ces résultats démontrent l’importance de la mise en place de traitements sylvicoles inéquiennes afin de mieux reproduire les caractéristiques après chablis. De plus, il en découle des recommandations de saines pratiques d’aménagement pour que les coupes de récupération assurent le maintien d’attributs clés.The implementation of ecosystem management involves a better understanding of natural disturbance regimes. In the boreal forest of Canada, fire is the most studied natural disturbance. However, in areas where the fire cycle is long, other natural disturbances, such as windthrow, are important. Thus, the description of windthrow regime of the eastern boreal forest of Quebec was performed considering its intrinsic, temporal and spatial characteristics, and also its consequences on the forest ecosystem. Firstly, site and stand characteristics affecting windthrow susceptibility were studied. The SIFORT database was used, allowing a 30 year temporal coverage. Secondly, windthrows and cutblocks spatial characteristics were analysed at landscape and polygons (or disturbance) levels, in three areas of 5 000 ha. Finally, at the stand level, the main key attributes or biological legacies in the black-spruce forest after windthrow episodes were measured and compared to salvaged windthrows. These three complementary approaches provided a global picture of the windthrow regime in the irregular boreal forest. Results showed that the variables having the best predictive capacity of a stand susceptibility to windthrow are topex, surface deposit thickness and slope. Windthrows, mainly partial, annually affects 0.23% of the study area with a return interval of approximately 450 years at a given location. At the landscape level, partial windthrows have a higher variability in their size than total windthrows, which are smaller. Partial windthrow polygons have a mean of 60% of their area in residual living trees, and total windthrow polygons have 15% of their cover in residual trees. Salvage logging changes many post-windthrow key stand structure, microsite and vegetation attributes. Salvage logging causes a reduction in the quantity of downed coarse woody debris and snags and all the decay classes are not present in salvaged windthrows. Furthermore, forest floor heterogeneity and bryophytes cover are affected by salvage logging operations. These results highlight the importance of uneven-age silvicultural treatments in the irregular boreal forest. Furthermore, salvage logging operations should be designed to ensure the maintenance of key attribute

Forecasting and managing multi-risks in Mediterranean, temperate and boreal forests: comparison between North-American and European approaches: conference proceedings

This conference (July 2022, Bordeaux, France) was organized by the FORWARD network, which is an International research network dedicated to "FORest, Wood, mARket anD Society » for the ecological transition through and for forest-wood systems.It focussed on present and emergent risks and their interactions in order to help to produce survey tools for multi-risks management and to elaborate different strategies for risks mitigation in North-American and European forests. One of the major challenges for forest sciences (including ecology, pathology, forest modelling, forest management, wood science, social sciences) are to analyse present and emergent risks and their interactions, to produce survey tools for multi-risks management and to analyse the different strategies for risks mitigation. The first objective of this conference was to give a prospective analysis of knowledge gaps, needs for tools (model, platforms, etc.), the limits of the available multi-risks management tools in regards to the demand of stakeholders (public, foresters, policymakers). The second objective was to compare North-American and European approaches to highlight possible solutions for common difficulties to mitigate multi-risks. This workshop focused on North-American and European forests that represent more than 20% of the world forest area.

Fire as a driver of wood mechanical traits in the boreal forest

In boreal forests where the fire return interval is long, the high structural variability of stands may affect wood traits. Here, we build on earlier work that revealed a difference in wood mechanical traits of black spruce between regular (regenerated from fire in the last 200 years) and irregular (undisturbed by fire for at least 200 years) stands. This study aimed to identify the ecological drivers of this variation in wood traits. To do so, we first sought to corroborate existing results on the effects of stand structure induced by the time since the last stand-replacing fire (TSLF) on wood mechanical stiffness in the eastern boreal forest of Canada. Results confirmed that black spruce from regular stands tend to produce wood with higher modulus of elasticity (MOE) than those from irregular stands. For both regular and irregular stands, we compared a set of linear models that were defined a priori to determine the structural and site productivity variables having the largest influence on MOE. The ‘growth efficiency index’ (aboveground woody biomass production per unit leaf area) was the best predictor of MOE variation among regular stands. For irregular stands, the model with TSLF as the sole explanatory variable was a better predictor of MOE than any other candidate model. However, we did not find strong evidence of a direct relationship between TSLF and wood traits, since our best models explained a relatively small proportion of the variance. Our results suggest that differences in wood traits could be attributable to the seed or layer origin of the trees and/or to the length of time trees remain in the understory. We propose that intensive wood production strategies focus on stands of the first post-fire cohort

Incorporating Insect and Wind Disturbances in a Natural Disturbance-Based Management Framework for the Boreal Forest

Natural disturbances are fundamental to forest ecosystem dynamics and have been used for two decades to improve forest management, notably in the boreal forest. Initially based on fire regimes, there is now a need to extend the concept to include other types of disturbances as they can greatly contribute to forest dynamics in some regions of the boreal zone. Here we review the main descriptors—that is, the severity, specificity, spatial and temporal descriptors and legacies, of windthrow and spruce bud worm outbreak disturbance regimes in boreal forests—in order to facilitate incorporating them into a natural disturbance-based forest management framework. We also describe the biological legacies that are generated by these disturbances. Temporal and spatial descriptors characterising both disturbance types are generally variable in time and space. This makes them difficult to reproduce in an ecosystem management framework. However, severity and specificity descriptors may provide a template upon which policies for maintaining post harvesting and salvage logging biological legacies can be based. In a context in which management mainly targets mature and old-growth stages, integrating insect and wind disturbances in a management framework is an important goal, as these disturbances contribute to creating heterogeneity in mature and old-growth forest characteristics

Assessing spatial patterns of burn severity for guiding post-fire salvage logging in boreal forests of Eastern Canada

Areas affected by forest fires are increasing worldwide, making salvage logging (i.e., harvesting fire-affected trees) an increasingly used practice to reduce the economic impacts of fire on forestry. However, salvage logging can have strong ecological impacts, notably on post-fire forest regeneration and biodiversity. Burn severity (i.e., the degree to which fires impact the vegetation and soil) is also a central element that interacts with pre-fire forest characteristics and salvages logging to control post-fire forest dynamics and biodiversity. In an ecosystem-based forest management context, spatial patterns of burn severity should thus be considered when planning salvage logging operations. This study presents a simple and innovative method to generate burn severity maps with Landsat and Sentinel-2 multispectral imageries to support salvage logging operations rapidly after a fire event. We assembled a unique dataset involving 330 plots from 10 burns (from 2010 to 2020) in which burn severity has been estimated on the field using the composite burn index (CBI) approach in eastern North America. CBI values were modelled as a univariate function of changes in spectral indices using the first cloud-free post-fire satellite images taken after the burns. Our results demonstrate that using free satellite images with straightforward methods can produce reliable and ecologically meaningful burn severity maps within the few weeks following a fire event. The method was then applied to a case study with salvage logging that illustrates how our burn severity maps could be a useful tool for guiding post-fire forestry operations in an ecosystem-based management context. We combined burn severity maps with pre-fire forest composition and age maps to assess immediate post-fire forest. We discuss how such an approach helps to guide salvage planning and maintain residual forests that are representative of the initial post-fire spatial variability in burn severity and pre-fire vegetation. We conclude that rapid mapping of burn severity after a forest fire event may offer many other applications for identifying and managing recently burned forests

Salvage logging effects on regulating and supporting ecosystem services \u2013 A systematic map

Wildfires, insect outbreaks, and windstorms are increasingly common forest disturbances. Post-disturbance management often involves salvage logging, i.e. the felling and removal of the affected trees. However, this practice may represent an additional disturbance with effects on ecosystem processes and services. We developed a systematic map to provide an overview of the primary studies on this topic, and created a database with information on the characteristics of the retrieved publications, including information on stands, disturbance, intervention, measured outcomes, and study design. Of 4341 retrieved publications, 90 were retained in the systematic map. These publications represented 49 studies, predominantly from North America and Europe. Salvage logging after wildfire was addressed more frequently than after insect outbreaks or windstorms. Most studies addressed logging after a single disturbance event, and replication of salvaged stands rarely exceeded 10. The most frequent response variables were tree regeneration, ground cover, and deadwood characteristics. This document aims to help managers find the most relevant primary studies on the ecological effects of salvage logging. It also aims to identify and discuss clusters and gaps in the body of evidence, relevant for scientists who aim to synthesize previous work or identify questions for future studies.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author