Measurement of the underlying event activity using charged-particle jets in proton-proton collisions at √s=2.76 TeV

A measurement of the underlying event (UE) activity in proton-proton collisions is performed using events with charged-particle jets produced in the central pseudorapidity region (| η jet | 0.5 GeV, in the azimuthal region transverse to the highest p T jet direction. By further dividing the transverse region into two regions of smaller and larger activity, various components of the UE activity are separated. The measurements are compared to previous results at 0.9 and 7 TeV, and to predictions of several Monte Carlo event generators, providing constraints on the modelling of the UE dynamics

Entrepreneurship : A wealth-creation and value-adding process

xiii, 216 p. : il.; 22 cm

Residual: A Sub-Distributive System for the Market Economy

Capitalism has resulted in stupendous growth and prosperity in the Western world, underlining its importance as an engine for creation and innovation. Communism arose to counter capitalism's ills as a method of wealth distribution, as manifested through the increasing gap between the rich and poor even in the most prosperous nations. Yet no country is either truly capitalist or communist, and the simplistic polarization of the world into two camps ignores the vital importance of systems that promote both innovation and equitable distribution. This book offers an insightful discussion on the ills that capitalism and communism have meant to address, and the pitfalls of the two approaches, most importantly with regards to the misconceptions of “profit”, the misfit child of economics and accounting. Analysis is also extended to consider behavioral theories from a needs perspective, including marginal theory and behavior based on fear. Finally, the concept of the new, “middle way” of entrepreneurism is advocated, in which the voices of all stakeholders (including the environment and the earth itself) are considered in any endeavor, thereby addressing the iniquities in distribution, while emphasizing the creative and innovative needs of all individuals

Na, K and Ca Contents in Roots and Leaves of Three Glycine Species Differing in Response to NaCl Treatments

先前研究發現臺灣三種野生大豆 (Glycine soja, G. tomentella 和G. tabacina) 對土壤鹽分濃度增加有不同程度的反應，G. tomentella耐受度最好，G. tabacina其次，G. soja 最不耐，且其敏感度和葉部組織內鈉和鉀的累積量有相關 (Kao et al., 2006)。為了瞭解是什麼機制導致這三種野生大豆部葉部組織內有不同的鈉、鉀和鈣的累積量，本文延伸先前研究，進一步分析這三種野生大豆在四種不同鹽分濃度 (0、17、51和85 mM) 處理下其鈉、鉀和鈣分別在根部、葉部的含量、以及計算根和葉含量總合 (根部加上葉部的含量) 變化。結果在相同鹽分濃度處理下G. soja 和G. tomentella有類似的根和葉鈉含量總合，然而前者葉鈉含量顯著高於根鈉含量，後者則有相反的反應。比較G. tabacina和G. tomentella則發現雖然前者根部和葉部鈉含量總合顯著低於後者，然而其葉鈉含量比後者高。當較多的鈉累積在G. soja的葉部時，可能降低其根對鉀的吸收，以至於在51和85 mM處理下，其根部和葉部鉀含量總合顯著減少。鹽濃度增加並沒有減少大豆植株根部和葉部的鈣含量。綜合上述，大豆耐鹽逆境的機制應該和其是否有能力減低葉部鈉含量(主要機制)以及減少根部對鈉的吸收(次要機制)有關。It has been shown that three wild soybean species, Glycine soja, G. tomentella and G. tabacina, in Taiwan had different response to root-zone salinity and differences in leaf accumulation of Na and K might be responsible for the response. To further understand the mechanisms in relation to the differences among species in leaf accumulation of Na, K and Ca, in this study I compared the distribution of Na, K, and Ca not only in leaves but also in roots and calculated the sum of the ion contents in leaf and root (= ion content in roots + ion content in leaves) of the three soybean species receiving four different levels of NaCl treatments, 0, 17, 51 and 85 mM. Analysis of contents of K and Na in leaves and roots revealed that G. soja, the most sensitive species, and G. tomentella, the most tolerance species had similar sum of root and leaf Na contents under the same NaCl treatment, however, the former had significantly high leaf Na content than the later. G. tabacina, the medium sensitive species, had the least sum of root Na and leaf Na contents and medium leaf Na content. In G. soja, increasing accumulation of Na in leaves with increasing treatment NaCl concentration might hamper the uptake of K in roots resulting in decreases in the sum of K contents in roots and leaves. There is no evidence that salinity could impair Ca uptake in the three wild soybean species. These results suggest that differential sensitivity to root-zone salinity among the three species is mainly due to their differential ability to control the allocation of salt away from leaves and to some extent restrict Na uptake at root level

δ13C and N Contents of Two Aquatic Plants, Spaganium fallax and Schenoplectus mucronatus, in a Subtropic Mountainous Lake

東亞黑三?和水毛花是鴛鴦湖生態保護區內?種優勢水生單子?植物，本文探討其所使用的光合作用途徑和其生?生態學。本文首先分析東亞黑三?(沉水植株、成熟植株?挺水部份和沉水部份、根)植體和水毛花挺水部份(稈)及根部穩定性碳同位素比值 (δ13C)，比較同種水生植物其植體?同部位是否有?同的 δ13C；其後比較這?種水生植物成熟植株挺水部份其 δ13C 和氮含?的月變化。主要目的在確定這?種水生植物其所使用的光合作用途徑；同時探討限制這?種水生植物光合作用速?的因子。分析結果發現這?種水生植物其植體各部位 δ13C 值均?在C3型植物範圍內，顯示其使用C3光合作用途徑。?種植物其挺水部份 δ13C 和氮含?有季節性變化，春季高於夏季，且?者 δ13C 值和氮含?呈線性正相關，顯示?者 δ13C 之季節性變化和二氧化碳固定作用(carboxylation)效?有關。在?內同一月份，東亞黑三?挺水?之 δ13C 值和氮含??高於水毛花挺水稈。東亞黑三?有較高的氮含?，因此可能有較高的二氧化碳固定作用效?，以致其挺水?的 δ13C 值高於水毛花挺水稈。Spaganium fallax and Schoenoplectus mucronatus subsp. robustus are emergent monocot plants dominating a subtropical mountainous lake, the Yuanyang Lake (YYL), in Taiwan. The photosynthetic pathways and the ecophysiology of these two species were studied in this study. I first analyzed δ13C of fractions of S. fallax (submerged leaves and roots of seedlings, and submerged and emergent parts of leaves, and roots of mature plants) and S. mucronatus (emergent culms and roots of mature plants) to identify their photosynthetic pathway. I then investigated monthly variation in δ13C and nitrogen content of emergent parts of the two species during 2003 to evaluate the integrated photosynthetic response. The leaf carbon isotope ratio of both emergent plants was within the range of most C3 plants indicating that they used C3 photosynthetic pathway. Similar pattern of seasonal variation in leaf nitrogen content and δ13C values was found. Spring leaves (or culms in S. mucronatus) had significantly higher leaf nitrogen content and more positive δ13C values than summer leaves (or culms). Consequently, there are significantly positive correlations between δ13C and leaf nitrogen content in both species. The result suggests that changes in photosynthetic capacity might contribute to the seasonal variation in δ13C in both species. In comparison between two species, S. fallax had significantly more positive δ13C and higher leaf nitrogen content than S. mucronatus during most of the sampling months. The higher leaf nitrogen content found in S. fallax might also contribute to its more positive δ13C values than S. mucronatus

Photosynthesis Related Characteristics of Upper and Lower Canopy Leaves of Kandelia obovata, a Mangrove Species in Taiwan

水筆仔是?台灣西岸主要紅樹?樹種。水筆仔樹?的上層?和下層?可能因為接受到的光??同，導致其在形態和生?反應上有所調整。本文比較該樹?上、下層?的?面角?、?面積大小、氣孔密?、單位重?面積、??素螢光等與光合作用相關特徵，以?解水筆仔樹?對光使用特性。結果發現上、下層?在形態上有顯著差?：上層??面角?較大、面積較小、氣孔密?較高以及單位重?面積較小。雖然?者單位面積??素含?和??素a/b 比沒有顯著差?，但上層?單位面積有顯著較高的氮含?。??素螢光測?顯示：相較於下層?，上層?其電子傳遞鏈速?在較高光?下才會達到飽和且有顯著較高的光飽和值。這些特徵差?顯示水筆仔為因應?同光環境，在?形態和生?上有所調整。To understand the light use properties of canopy leaves in K. obovata, the dominant mangrove species in the west coast of northern Taiwan, I compared photosynthesis related characters, such as leaf angles, leaf area, stomatal density, specific leaf area, and chlorophyll fluorescence, of upper and lower canopy leaves of the species. Leaves that had developed in exposed positions (upper canopy) exhibited significantly steeper leaf angles, smaller leaf area, higher stomatal density and lower specific leaf area than those in shaded positions (lower canopy). No significant difference was found in chlorophyll (Chl) content per unit leaf area and Chl a/b ratio between the two types of leaves. In contrast, compared to lower canopy leaves, upper canopy leaves had higher nitrogen content per unit leaf area indicating a higher light saturated CO2 assimilation. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurement revealed that photosaturated electron transport rate (ETR) and the photon flux required to saturate ETR were significantly higher in upper canopy leaves than in lower canopy leaves. The plasticity in morphological and physiological response to variation in light regimes may represent an important mechanism for K. obovata to adapt to the saline and nitrogen limiting environment

Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Development in Asia

xii. 380 hal.;23 c