Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.</p

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol�which is a marker of cardiovascular risk�changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95 credible interval 3.7 million�4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

Conformational Diversity in (Octaethylporphinato) (trichloroacetato)iron(III) Derivatives

Treatment of [Fe(OEP)]20 with trichloroacetic acid results in ruffled formation of (octaethylporphinato trichloroacetato)iron(HI). Various crystalline solvates can be isolated, depending on the crystallization solvent. Initial crystallization with CHC13/hexanes resulted in the isolation of an unsolvated form. [Fe(OEP)(02C2C13 )]. This form contains distinct porphyrin core conformations at the same site: one is domed and the other is ruffled. Crystal data for [Fe(OEP)(02C2C13 )]: Q = 14.734(4) .4. b = 13.674(1) .\. c = 17..541 [,.5] .~. 3 = 90.67(1)0, V = 35-!5.8(14) .\3. monoclinic. space group R1/ n. Z = 4. Subsequent crystallization with CHC13/hexanes resulted in a new crystalline form, [Fe(OEP)(OzC2C13 )~.- CHC13; the porphyrin core is slightly ruffled. Crystal data for [Fe(OEP)(OoC2C13 )]. CHC13: a =12.323(1) .~, 6 = 13.062(3) .\. C = 14.327(2) .$, Q = 89.32(1)", .3 = 113.36(2)0. :~ = 105.26(1)'. V = `2031.3(6) .\3. triclinic. space group Pi. Z = 2. Crystallization with CH2C12/hexanes resulted in the isolation of yet another form, [Fe(OEP) (02 C2C13)]. H02C2C13. which contains two independent molecules in the unit cell: molecule is slightly saddled and molecule B is modestly ruffled. Crystal data for [Fe(OEP)(02ClC13 )]. H02C2C13: a = 13.148(3) .\, b = 13.45.5(3) A, c = Q3.761(5) -& ~ = 90.72(3)", ~ = 91. ~4(3)". -y = 92.36(3)0, V = 4198.5(15) .\3, triclinic.space group PI, Z = 4. .+11 conformations form dimers in the solid state. Temperature-dependent manometic susceptibility measurements showed that [Fe(OEP)(02C2C13)] .CHC13 contains a high-spin iron(III) center; the data for {Fe(OEP)(02C2C13 )l.H02C2C13 are understood in terms of an admixed intermediate-spin state (S = 3/2, 5/2) and are readily fit to a faltempo model with a ground state multiplet containing about 78% S = 5/2 character and 22% S = 3/2 character. The structural data for [Fe(OEP)(02C2C13 )]. CHC13 are consistent with the observed high-spin state, while data for ~Fe(OEP) (02 C2C13)] .H02C2C13 are consistent with the admixed-spin iron(HI) character. The observed core conformations have been described by a normal-coordinate structural decomposition method

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This chapter describes lasers and other sources of coherent light that operate in a wide wavelength range. First, the general principles for the generation of coherent continuous-wave and pulsed radiation are treated including the interaction of radiation with matter, the properties of optical resonators and their modes as well as such processes as Q-switching and mode-locking. The general introduction is followed by sections on numerous types of lasers, the emphasis being on todayʼs most important sources of coherent light, in particular on solid-state lasers and several types of gas lasers. An important part of the chapter is devoted to the generation of coherent radiation by nonlinear processes with optical parametric oscillators, difference- and sum-frequency generation, and high-order harmonics. Radiation in the extended ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray ranges can be generated by free electron lasers (FEL) and advanced x-ray sources. Ultrahigh light intensities up to 1021 W/cm2 open the door to studies of relativistic laser–matter interaction and laser particle acceleration. The chapter closes with a section on laser stabilization