The decline of metallophyte vegetation in floodplain grasslands: Implications for conservation and restoration

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Innovation Through Vertical Relations Between Firms, Suppliers And Customers: A Study Of German Firms

Interfirm cooperative R&D agreements are becoming more frequent, as firms seek to avoid market failures and exploit the competitive advantages of collaborating vertically with suppliers on the one hand and customers on the other. This paper investigates the phenomenon of vertical R&D linkages in the context of German manufacturing firms, based on a survey conducted at the Centre for European Economic Research, Mannheim. The major finding is that vertical linkages have high prevalence, and that the most common mode of linkage involves informal exchange of technical knowledge, with formal linkages such as joint development teams and contractual R&D cooperation being less common.

Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are common, heritable neurodevelopmental conditions. The genetic architecture of ASDs is complex, requiring large samples to overcome heterogeneity. Here we broaden coverage and sample size relative to other studies of ASDs by using Affymetrix 10K SNP arrays and 1,168 families with at least two affected individuals, performing the largest linkage scan to date while also analyzing copy number variation in these families. Linkage and copy number variation analyses implicate chromosome 11p12-p13 and neurexins, respectively, among other candidate loci. Neurexins team with previously implicated neuroligins for glutamatergic synaptogenesis, highlighting glutamate-related genes as promising candidates for contributing to ASDs. © 2007 Nature Publishing Group