Юридичний зміст та ознаки фінансово-правової санкції

У статті проведено аналіз теоретичних засад поняття фінансово-правової відповідальності та її складового елементу - фінансово-правової санкції. Автор досліджує наукові думки щодо понять «фінансово-правові санкції», «економічні санкції», «штрафні санкції», «штраф», «пеня» тощо; розглядає функції фінансово-правових санкцій з урахування засад загальної теорії права та фінансового права, зокрема, та виокремлює найхарактерніші ознаки фінансово-правової санкції. Ключові слова: фінансово-правова відповідальність, фінансово-правова санкція, ознаки фінансово-правової санкції.В статье проведен анализ теоретических основ понятия финансово-правовой ответственности и ее составляющего элемента - финансово-правовой санкции. Автор исследует существующие научные взгляды на понятия «финансово-правовая санкция», «экономическая санкция», «штрафная санкция», «штраф» и т.д.; рассматривает функции финансово-правовых санкций с позиций общей теории права и финансового права, в частности, и выделяет наиболее характерные признаки финансово-правовой санкции. Ключевые слова: финансово-правовая ответственность, финансово-правовая санкция, признаки финансово-правовой санкции.This article deals with the analysis of theoretical background of the notion in the sphere of both financial and law responsibility and its structural element - the financial and law sanction. The author researches the real scientific ideas as to the notions «financial and law sanction», «fine». The author also analyses the functions of financial and law sanctions including as the basement of common law theory so as financial law in particular. His special task is to analyses the most characteristic determinants of financial and law sanction. Key words: financial and law responsibility; financial and law sanction; signs of financial and law sanction

Changes in epidermal radiosensitivity with time associated with increased colony numbers

Epidermal clonogenic cell survival and colony formation following irradiation were investigated and related to radiosensitivity. A rapid in vivo/in vitro assay was developed for the quantification of colonies arising from surviving clonogenic cells in pig epidermis after irradiation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labelled cells in full thickness epidermal sheets were visualized using standard immunohistochemistry. In unirradiated skin, approximately 900 BrdU-positive cells mm(-2) were counted. In a time sequence experiment, BrdU-positive cell numbers increased from an average of 900 cells mm(-2) to approximately 1400 cells mm(-2) after BrdU-labelling for 2-24 h. In irradiated skin, colonies containing >/=16 BrdU-positive cells were seen for the first time at days 14/15 after irradiation. The number of these colonies per cm(2) as a function of skin surface dose yielded a cell survival curve with a D(0)-value (+/-SE) of 3.9+/-0.6 Gy. This relatively high D(0)-value is possibly due to a rapid fall off in depth dose distribution for the iridium-192 source and consequently a substantial contribution of hair follicular epithelium to colony formation. At 14/15 days after irradiation, the ED(50) level of 33.6 Gy for the in vivo response of moist desquamation corresponded with 2.7 colonies cm(-2). Surprisingly, the number of colonies increased with time after irradiation with an estimated doubling time of approximately 4 days, while the D(0)-value remained virtually unchanged. This increase in colony numbers could be due to migration of clonogenic cells, to the recruitment of dormant clonogenic cell survivors by elevated levels of cytokines, or to both. Although frequent biopsying caused increased cytokine levels, which had a systemic effect on unirradiated skin, it had no influence on colony formation in irradiated skin. Smaller colonies, containing 4-8 cells or 9-15 cells, were abundant, particularly after higher doses, which resulted in higher D(0)-values. The majority of these small colonies were abortive and did not progress to larger colonies. There was no statistical evidence for significant variations in the interanimal responses

Lymphatic clearance of the brain: perivascular, paravascular and significance for neurodegenerative diseases

The lymphatic clearance pathways of the brain are different compared to the other organs of the body and have been the subject of heated debates. Drainage of brain extracellular fluids, particularly interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is not only important for volume regulation, but also for removal of waste products such as amyloid beta (A?). CSF plays a special role in clinical medicine, as it is available for analysis of biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Despite the lack of a complete anatomical and physiological picture of the communications between the subarachnoid space (SAS) and the brain parenchyma, it is often assumed that A? is cleared from the cerebral ISF into the CSF. Recent work suggests that clearance of the brain mainly occurs during sleep, with a specific role for peri- and para-vascular spaces as drainage pathways from the brain parenchyma. However, the direction of flow, the anatomical structures involved and the driving forces remain elusive, with partially conflicting data in literature. The presence of A? in the glia limitans in Alzheimer’s disease suggests a direct communication of ISF with CSF. Nonetheless, there is also the well-described pathology of cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with the failure of perivascular drainage of A?. Herein, we review the role of the vasculature and the impact of vascular pathology on the peri- and para-vascular clearance pathways of the brain. The different views on the possible routes for ISF drainage of the brain are discussed in the context of pathological significance

Sporormiella as a tool for detecting the presence of large herbivores in the Neotropics

The reliability of using the abundance of Sporormiella spores as a proxy for the presence and abundance of megaherbivores was tested in southern Brazil. Mud-water interface samples from nine lakes, in which cattle-use was categorized as high, medium, or low, were assayed for Sporormiella representation. The sampling design allowed an analysis of both the influence of the number of animals using the shoreline and the distance of the sampling site from the nearest shoreline. Sporormiella was found to be a reliable proxy for the presence of large livestock. The concentration and abundance of spores declined from the edge of the lake toward the center, with the strongest response being in sites with high livestock use. Consistent with prior studies in temperate regions, we find that Sporormiella spores are a useful proxy to study the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna or the arrival of European livestock in Neotropical landscapes