134 research outputs found
Economic Significance of Specific Export Promotion on Poverty Reduction and Inter- Industry Growth of Ethiopia
Micro simulated general equilibrium approach was used to analyze the economic significance of the current export promotion policy of Ethiopia. Simulation results, in general, indicated little achievements of economic growth and poverty reduction under selective export promotion. In this policy approach, only rural households were able to acquire higher income and lower poverty incidence. These achievements however were transmitted to small and big urban households when export promotion was assumed to be implemented across the board of all agricultural activities. Significant economic and inter-industrial growths were attained when the coffee industry was given equal policy treatments like other export agricultureSelective export promotion policy, computable general equilibrium, poverty reduction, foreign direct investment, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,
Quadrature Rules on Triangles and Tetrahedra for Multidimensional Summation-By-Parts Operators
Multidimensional diagonal-norm summation-by-parts (SBP) operators with
collocated volume and facet nodes, known as diagonal- operators,
are attractive for entropy-stable discretizations from an efficiency
standpoint. However, there is a limited number of such operators, and those
currently in existence often have a relatively high node count for a given
polynomial order due to a scarcity of suitable quadrature rules. We present
several new symmetric positive-weight quadrature rules on triangles and
tetrahedra that are suitable for construction of diagonal- SBP
operators. For triangles, quadrature rules of degree one through twenty with
facet nodes that correspond to the Legendre-Gauss-Lobatto (LGL) and
Legendre-Gauss (LG) quadrature rules are derived. For tetrahedra, quadrature
rules of degree one through ten are presented along with the corresponding
facet quadrature rules. All of the quadrature rules are provided in a
supplementary data repository. The quadrature rules are used to construct novel
SBP diagonal- operators, whose accuracy and maximum timestep
restrictions are studied numerically.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figur
Final Report developed under Contract #3000704047 for Natural Resources Canada
Natural Resources CanadaNon-Peer ReviewedIn the recent decades, precipitation patterns and corresponding streamflow responses in
many cold regions catchments have changed considerably due to warming. Understanding
historical changes and predicting future responses are of great importance for planning and
management of water resources systems. Regional climate simulations using convention-
permitting models are helpful in representing the fine-scale cloud and mesoscale processes,
which are critical for understanding the physical mechanisms that cause in convective
precipitation. From a hydrological perspective, these fine resolution simulations are helpful
in understanding the runoff generation mechanisms, particularly for mountainous
watersheds, which have high spatial variation in precipitation due to large differences in
elevation over small distances.
The sister-study of this report, the Bow River Basin Study (BRBS), used a physically based
hydrological land surface scheme along with a water management model, coupled with a
high resolution convention- permitting atmospheric regional model (Weather Research and
Forecasting, WRF) to understand the streamflow generating mechanisms and identify the
changes in streamflow responses of the Bow and Elbow River Basins. The coupled model
appears to provide a large improvement in predictability, with minimal calibration of
parameters and without bias correction of forcing from the atmospheric model. The model4
was able to provide reliable estimates of streamflows, despite the complex topography in the
catchment. Using the WRF Pseudo Global Warming (PGW) scenario, estimated future
streamflows simulated were then used to develop projected flow exceedance curves. The
uncertainty in the simulations is extremely helpful in the risk assessment for downstream
flood inundations. However, the uncertainty in streamflows cannot be assessed as the WRF-
PGW dataset was only available for a single realization, because of the high computational
cost.
The research presented in this report focusses instead on using the highly efficient
hydrological model developed and verified in BRBS whilst assessing uncertainty using
another regional climate model, the CanRCM4, where many realizations are available for
different boundary conditions. Since the CanRCM4 simulations have a relatively low
resolution, a novel methodology was developed to adjust regional climate model outputs
using the WRF-PGW data. An ensemble of 15 CanRCM4 simulations was used to force the
Bow River basin model to determine a measure of the uncertainty in the simulated
streamflows, and the projected streamflow exceedance probability curves. These curves are
extremely useful for risk assessment for downstream flood inundations. Given the
importance of understanding how much extreme precipitation will change in urban areas of
the basin, where short duration high intensity events cause flash flooding, frequency analysis
of these events was carried out for Calgary and Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) curves
were developed. A ready-to-use empirical form of IDF curve has been proposed from this
analysis for the City of Calgary.
The results from the WRF-PGW modelling indicated that future high flow, low frequency
(exceedances less than 10%) streamflow events will decrease compared to those under the
current climate condition by 4, 9 and 1.6 m3/s for the Bow River at Banff and Calgary and
Elbow River at Sarcee Bridge respectively. The average of the 15 new CanRCM4-WRF-PGW
results supports the above result with some greater decreases in streamflow of 9, 16 and 4
m3/s for Bow River at Banff and Calgary and Elbow River at Sarcee Bridge respectively.
However, there were some CanRCM4-WRF-PGW realisations that suggested substantial
increases in future low frequency streamflow from those indicated by the average CanRCM4-
WRF-PGW-drive MESH model. The below average, high frequency (exceedances greater than
30%) future streamflows will increase modestly in all gauging locations by from 1 to 12.5
m3/s.
The results of the extreme precipitation analysis at Calgary indicated an increase in future
extreme precipitation events of all duration and return periods. On an average an increase
of 1.5 times is noted for short return periods (=2, 5), and an increase of 4 times for long
return periods (=500, 1000)
Yukon River Basin Streamflow Forecasting System
Prepared for Government of Yukon, Yukon Environment, Water Resources Branch, Whitehorse,
YukonGovernment of Yukon Water Resources BranchNon-Peer ReviewedThe Yukon River Basin is one of the main rivers in the Arctic region of North America and is shared between Canada and the US. The Canadian part covers almost half of the Yukon Territory in addition to a small portion of the province of British Columbia, while the US part falls totally within the state of Alaska. This study is concerned with Canadian part of the Yukon River with its outlet at Eagle, just across the border in Alaska. Small parts of this catchment are in Alaska. This basin has an area of 288,000 km2, from 58.8 â 65.6°N and 129.2 â 134.1°W. The southern part of the basin is characterized by large glaciers at high elevations (up to 4700 m above sea level) with steep slopes, and thus generates considerable runoff. There are also mountain ranges on the eastern and northern boundaries of the basin, while the western areas are milder in slope and partially forested. Snow redistribution, snowmelt, glacier melt and frozen soil processes in winter and spring along with summertime rainfall-runoff and evapotranspiration processes are thus key to the simulation of streamflow in the basin.
This project developed, set up, calibrated, validated, and operationalized a streamflow discharge forecasting system for the Yukon River and several of its tributary rivers within the Yukon Territory.
The Yukon River Basin streamflow forecasting system is based around the MESH (Modélisation
Environmentale Communautaire - Surface and Hydrology) hydrological land surface model. MESH is a state-of-the-art semi-distributed cold regions hydrological land surface model that models both the vertical exchanges of heat and moisture between the land surface and the atmosphere as well has the horizontal transfer of water to streams that is routed hydrologically to the outlet of the basin. It includes snow, frozen soil and glacier processes as well as the full suite of warm season hydrology.
MESH is driven by the Environment and Climate Change Canada GEM weather model and hindcasts are driven by GEM-CaPA which is a data assimilation product that uses local precipitation observations where they exist. The rivers forecasted includes the Yukon River Basin upstream of Eagle, AK and the Porcupine River Basin near the international boundary. MESH provides supplemental high resolution simulations and forecasts for the Klondike, Stewart, Pelly and White Rivers at their mouths. Daily river discharge and water balance forecasts are produced by the system for each river basin. Having MESH run at both 10 km and 5 km resolution provides an assessment of model resolution needed for forecasting and also of model uncertainty in the forecasts. The MESH model was driven by GEM-CaPA for hindcasts and with the GEM ECCC Regional and Global Deterministic Prediction Systems - RDPS and GDPS forecasts for forecasts of 2 and 9 days. The GEM-MESH model showed good to very good predictions in most river basins after calibration and parameter selection, with challenges for the Porcupine and White rivers due to permafrost and wetlands (Porcupine) and to extensive icefields (White) and overall to sparse to non-existent observed precipitation data to
assimilate into the CaPA system. The forecast system is capable of providing reliable streamflow
predictions and is run with automated scripts on Amazon Web Services.
Future development of the forecasting system should focus on the very challenging permafrost
hydrology of the Porcupine River Basin, and the glacier hydrology of the White River which drains the largest icefields in North America. The model does not include a river ice component, but one could be added in the future
Diagnosis of Historical and Future Flow Regimes of the Bow River at Calgary Using a Dynamically Downscaled Climate Model and a Physically Based Land Surface Hydrological Model : Final Report
Final Report developed under Agreement #AP744 for the Natural Resources Canada Climate Change Adaptation Program.Developed under Agreement #AP744 for the Natural Resources Canada Climate Change Adaptation Program, with financial and in-kind assistance from Natural
Resources Canada, Alberta Environment and Parks, the City of Calgary, Environment and
Climate Change Canada and the Global Water Futures program.Non-Peer ReviewedThis report assesses the impacts of projected climate change on the hydrology, including the
flood frequencies, of the Bow and Elbow Rivers above Calgary, Alberta. It reports on
investigations of the effects of projected climate change on the runoff mechanisms for the Bow
and Elbow River basins, which are important mountain headwaters in Alberta, Canada. The study developed a methodology and applied a case study for incorporating climate change into flood frequency estimates that can be applied to a variety of river basins across Canada
Epidemiology of trachoma and its implications for implementing the "SAFE" strategy in Somali Region, Ethiopia: results of 14 population-based prevalence surveys.
PURPOSE: Ethiopia is highly trachoma endemic. Baseline mapping was needed in Ethiopia's Somali Region to guide elimination efforts. METHODS: Cross-sectional community-based surveys were conducted in 34 suspected trachoma-endemic woredas, grouped as 14 evaluation units (EUs), using a standardised mapping methodology developed for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. RESULTS: In total, 53,467 individuals were enumerated. A total of 48,058 (89.9%) were present at the time of survey teams' visits and consented to examination. The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) among children aged 1-9Â years ranged from 4.1% in the EU covering Danot, Boh, and Geladin woredas in Doolo Subzone to 38.1% in the EU covering Kebribeyah and Hareshen woredas in Fafan Subzone (East). The trichiasis prevalence among adults aged over 15Â years varied from 0.1% in the EU covering Afder, Bare, and Dolobay woredas in Afder Subzone (West) to 1.2% in the EU covering Awbere in Fafan Subzone (West). CONCLUSION: Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin is needed in 13 EUs (population 2,845,818). Two EUs (population 667,599) had TF prevalences in 1-9-year-olds of â„30% and will require at least 5Â years of MDA; 5 EUs (population 1,1193,032) had TF prevalences of 10-29.9% and need at least three years of MDA; 6 EUs (population 985,187) had TF prevalences of 5-9.9% and need at least one round of azithromycin distribution before re-survey. In all 13 of these EUs, implementation of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement measures is also needed. Surveys are still needed in the remaining 34 unmapped woredas of Somali Region
The Global Trachoma Mapping Project: Methodology of a 34-Country Population-Based Study.
PURPOSE: To complete the baseline trachoma map worldwide by conducting population-based surveys in an estimated 1238 suspected endemic districts of 34 countries. METHODS: A series of national and sub-national projects owned, managed and staffed by ministries of health, conduct house-to-house cluster random sample surveys in evaluation units, which generally correspond to "health district" size: populations of 100,000-250,000 people. In each evaluation unit, we invite all residents aged 1 year and older from h households in each of c clusters to be examined for clinical signs of trachoma, where h is the number of households that can be seen by 1 team in 1 day, and the product hâĂâc is calculated to facilitate recruitment of 1019 children aged 1-9 years. In addition to individual-level demographic and clinical data, household-level water, sanitation and hygiene data are entered into the purpose-built LINKS application on Android smartphones, transmitted to the Cloud, and cleaned, analyzed and ministry-of-health-approved via a secure web-based portal. The main outcome measures are the evaluation unit-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in children aged 1-9 years, prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in adults aged 15â+âyears, percentage of households using safe methods for disposal of human feces, and percentage of households with proximate access to water for personal hygiene purposes. RESULTS: In the first year of fieldwork, 347 field teams commenced work in 21 projects in 7 countries. CONCLUSION: With an approach that is innovative in design and scale, we aim to complete baseline mapping of trachoma throughout the world in 2015
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Trachoma in Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia: Results of 79 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys Conducted with the Global Trachoma Mapping Project.
PURPOSE: To complete the baseline trachoma map in Oromia, Ethiopia, by determining prevalences of trichiasis and trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) at evaluation unit (EU) level, covering all districts (woredas) without current prevalence data or active control programs, and to identify factors associated with disease. METHODS: Using standardized methodologies and training developed for the Global Trachoma Mapping Project, we conducted cross-sectional community-based surveys from December 2012 to July 2014. RESULTS: Teams visited 46,244 households in 2037 clusters from 252 woredas (79 EUs). A total of 127,357 individuals were examined. The overall age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of trichiasis in adults was 0.82% (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.70-0.94%), with 72 EUs covering 240 woredas having trichiasis prevalences above the elimination threshold of 0.2% in those aged â„15 years. The overall age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds was 23.4%, with 56 EUs covering 218 woredas shown to need implementation of the A, F and E components of the SAFE strategy (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement) for 3 years before impact surveys. Younger age, female sex, increased time to the main source of water for face-washing, household use of open defecation, low mean precipitation, low mean annual temperature, and lower altitude, were independently associated with TF in children. The 232 woredas in 64 EUs in which TF prevalence was â„5% require implementation of the F and E components of the SAFE strategy. CONCLUSION: Both active trachoma and trichiasis are highly prevalent in much of Oromia, constituting a significant public health problem for the region
Prevalence of Trachoma in Pre-validation Surveillance Surveys in 11 Evaluation Units (Covering 12 Districts) in Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: Results from 2018â2020
PURPOSE: Interventions to reduce the prevalence of trachoma and transmission of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis have been implemented in Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Following an impact survey in which the trachomatous inflammationâfollicular (TF) prevalence in 1â9-year-olds is <5%, a surveillance survey is recommended 2 years later, without additional antibiotic treatment. We report results of surveillance surveys in 11 evaluation units (EUs) covering 12 districts in Oromia Region, to plan whether future interventions are needed.
METHOD: We use a two-stage cluster-sampling cross-sectional survey design. In each EU, 26 clusters (villages) were systematically selected with probability proportional to size; from each cluster, 30 households were selected using compact segment sampling. Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) access was assessed in all selected households. All residents of selected households aged â„1 year were examined for TF and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) by certified graders.
RESULT: Of 31,991 individuals enumerated, 29,230 (91% of) individuals were examined. Eight EUs had an age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1â9-year-olds of â„5% and seven had a TT prevalence unknown to the health system among adults aged â„15 years of â„0.2%. About one-third of visited households had access to an improved water source for drinking, and 5% had access to an improved latrine.
CONCLUSION: Despite TF reductions to <5% at impact survey, prevalence recrudesced to â„5% in all but three of the 11 EUs. Operational research is needed to understand transmission dynamics and epidemiology, in order to optimise elimination strategies in high-transmission settings like these
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