Produksi Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus Ostreatus) Pada Media Tambahan Molase Dengan Dosis Yang Berbeda

Jamur tiram putih disebut juga dengan jamur kayu karena jamur tersebut tumbuh pada media kayu lapuk. Jamur tiram putih banyak digemari masyarakat karena selain memiliki cita rasa yang enak juga memiliki banyak manfaat bagi tubuh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh molase dengan dosis berbeda pada produktivitas jamur tiram putih. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap satu faktorial yaitu pemberian molase dengan empat taraf konsentrasi 0 %, 7,5 %, 14,5 % dan 22 % / baglog dan dilakukan tiga ulangan. Untuk pengujian hipotesis dengan anova satu jalan (One Way Anova), hasil pengujian hipotesis pada pemenuhan miseliumdiperoleh nilai probabilitas 0,001 < 0.05 H0 ditolak artinya antara ke empat perlakuan tidak sama atau berbeda nyata maka dilakukan Pos Hok Test uji lanjut Anova dengan uji LSD. Berat buah jamur tiram putih panen I diperoleh nilai probabilitas 0,021 < 0.05 H0 ditolak artinya antara ke empat perlakuan tidak sama atau berbeda nyata nyata maka dilakukan Pos Hok Test uji lanjut Anova dengan uji LSD, sedangkan pada parameter yang lain diperoleh kesimpulan H0 diterima artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan antara ke empat perlakuan. Hasil penelitian pada pengamatan pemenuhan miseliumdiperoleh perlakuan yang memberikan pengaruh paling baik yaitu M1 (7,5 % molase/ baglog) dengan rata-rata pemenuhan miselium16,3 hari dan perlakuan yang memberikan pengaruh kurang baik yaitu M0 atau kontrol dengan rata-rata 27,7 hari. Pada jumlah total tubuh buah jamur diperoleh perlakuan yang memberikan pengaruh paling baik yaitu M3 (22 % molase/ baglog) dengan rata-rata 11,5 buah dan perlakuan yang memberikan pengaruh kurang baik yaitu M0 (kontrol) dengan rata-rata 9 buah. Pada berat buah jamur tiram putih perlakuan yang memberikan pengaruh paling baik yaitu M3 (22 % molase/ baglog) dengan rata-rata 78,2 g dan perlakuan yang memberikan pengaruh kurang baik yaitu M0 dengan rata-rata 48,85 g. Dari hasil tersebut diperoleh kesimpulan M1 dosis molase paling rendah (7,5%) berpengaruh pada pemenuhan miselium dan M3 dosis molase paling tinggi (22 %) berpengaruh pada jumlah tubuh buah dan berat buah jamur

Cytokine gene expression in late stage granulomas of the lung vs tracheobronchial lymph node (LN) of calves experimentally infected with <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>.

<p>Gene expression as measured by quantification of mRNA transcripts identified through RNAScope^® ISH. Values represent the mean ± SEM mRNA transcripts/total cell area (μm²) of granuloma. Significantly different * (<i>p</i>< 0.05), ** (<i>p</i>< 0.001), *** (<i>p</i>< 0.0001).</p

Cytokine gene expression in early (stage I) vs late (stages III and IV) granulomas of the tracheobronchial lymph node (Tb LN) vs caudal mediastinal lymph nodes (Md LN) of calves experimentally infected with <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>.

<p>Gene expression as measured by quantification of mRNA transcripts identified through RNAScope^® ISH. Values represent the mean ± SEM mRNA transcripts/total cell area (μm²) of granuloma. Significantly different * (<i>p</i>< 0.05), ** (<i>p</i>< 0.001), *** (<i>p</i>< 0.0001).</p

Expression of A) TGF-β and B) IL-10 mRNA in lung granulomas of calves experimentally infected with <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> by aerosol.

<p>Note signal (red dots) representing mRNA transcripts within cells of various types. The amount of signal varied widely between cytokines (arrows). RNAScope^® ISH, 400X.</p

Cytokine gene expression within granulomas of the tracheobronchial (G-Tb) and caudal mediastinal (G-Md) lymph nodes vs non-granuloma (non-lesion) regions (NL-Tb, NL-Md) on the same slide from calves experimentally infected with <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>.

<p><b>Uninfected (U) caudal mediastinal lymph nodes from age matched calves are shown for comparison.</b> Gene expression as measured by quantification of mRNA transcripts identified through RNAScope^® ISH. Values represent the mean ± SEM mRNA transcripts/total cell area (μm²) of granuloma. Significantly different * (<i>p</i>< 0.05), ** (<i>p</i>< 0.001), *** (<i>p</i>< 0.0001).</p

Summary of gross, microscopic and bacteriological results of tissues from BCG-vaccinated (V) and non-vaccinated (NV) deer after experimental challenge with virulent <i>M. bovis</i>.

<p>Deer in which there were no gross or microscopic lesions and no bacteriological isolation results have been excluded.</p><p>NA = not applicable; Neg = no lesion or no bacteriological isolation; Pos = lesion present or isolation of mycobacteria; mrln = medial retropharyngeal lymph node; tbln = tracheobronchial lymph node; ton = palatine tonsil, maln = mandibular lymph node; paln = parotid lymph node; medln = mediastinal lymph node, hepln = hepatic lymph node; scln = superficial cervical lymph node; mesln = mesenteric lymph node.</p

Total number of microscopic granulomas in representative sections of medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes of BCG-vaccinated and non-vaccinated deer after experimental challenge with virulent <i>M. bovis</i>.

1<p>Stage I (initial) granulomas, Stage II (solid) granulomas, Stage III (necrotic) granulomas, Stage IV (necrotic, mineralized, coalescent) granulomas. Complete definitions found in text.</p

Long-term cultured and <i>ex vivo</i> IFN- γ responses by cattle after <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> aerosol challenge.

<p>Cultured ELISPOT analysis was performed ~3 weeks after challenge with virulent <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i>. Long-term cultured cells were generated by stimulating PBMC with a cocktail of rAg85A (1 μg/ml), rTB10.4 (1 μg/ml), and rESAT-6:CFP10 (1 μg/ml) antigens as well as PPDb (5 μg/ml) for 13 days followed by transfer to ELISPOT plates with APCs and addition of either rESAT-6:CFP10, PPDb or medium alone. For the <i>ex vivo</i> response, freshly isolated PBMCs were stimulated with rESAT-6:CFP10, PPDb or medium alone for 16h. Medium control responses were subtracted from antigen-stimulated responses and results are presented as mean spot forming cells (SFC)/million cells (± SEM, n = 8) for <b>(A)</b> long-term culture or <b>(B)</b><i>ex vivo</i> conditions. <b>(C)</b> The kinetics of the response is shown as the percent of CD4⁺ cells producing IFN-γ in long-term cultures at 3, 6, 8, and 12 weeks post infection (WPI n = 6). Two-way ANOVA (Šídák’s multiple comparison post-test).</p

Long-term cultured cells have higher proliferative responses than short-term cells.

<p>Long-term and short-term cultured PBMCs were analyzed ~ 7 weeks after aerosol challenge with virulent <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i>. Long-term cells consist of PBMC from <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> aerosol infected cattle cultured in the presence of rAg85A, rTB10.4, rESAT-6:CFP10 and PPDb for 13 days and then CellTrace violet-stained and re-stimulated with either rESAT-6:CFP10, PPDb or medium in the presence of fresh autologous adherent cells for an additional six days. Short-term cells consist of CellTrace violet-stained PBMC from <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> aerosol infected cattle cultured for six days in the presence of either rESAT-6:CFP10, PPDb or medium. The gating strategy was performed in accordance with procedures described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122571#pone.0122571.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2A</a> for single cells, and as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122571#pone.0122571.s003" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a> for lymphocytes, and CD4⁺ cells. <b>(A)</b> Percentages of CD4⁺ cells proliferating (low Celltrace dye MFI) in response to rESAT-6:CFP10 within long or short-term cultures. <b>(B)</b> Percentages of CD4⁺ cells proliferating (low Celltrace dye MFI) in response to PPDb within long or short-term cultures. <b>(C)</b> Memory/effector phenotype of proliferating CD4⁺ cells within long-term or short-term cultures in response to rESAT-6:CFP10. <b>(D)</b> Memory/effector phenotype of proliferating CD4⁺ cells within long-term or short-term cultures in response to PPDb. For panels A and B, cell proliferation differs (**<i>P</i> < 0.01, n = 6 paired Student's t-tests) between long and short-term cultures to either rESAT-6:CFP10 or PPDb. For panels C and D, Tcm and effector cell content differs (*<i>P</i> < 0.05; **<i>P</i> < 0.01, n = 4 paired Student's t-tests) between short-term and long-term cultures to either rESAT-6:CFP10 or PPDb.</p

Frequencies of Tcm, Tem and effector cells producing IFN-γ in response to mycobacterial antigens in long-term and <i>ex vivo</i> assays.

<p>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from calves ~ 8 weeks after challenge with virulent <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i>. Cells were stimulated with a cocktail of rAg85A (1 μg/ml), rTB10.4 (1 μg/ml), and rESAT-6:CFP10 (1 μg/ml) as well as PPDb (5 μg/ml) for 13 days followed by transfer to 96 well round bottom plates with APCs and addition of media alone, PPDb or rESAT-6:CFP10 for an additional 16h. For <i>ex vivo</i> culture, PBMC were stimulated with media alone, PPDb or rESAT-6:CFP10 for 16 h. <b>(A)</b> Relative contribution of Tcm, Tem, and T effector cells to IFN-γ production in response to PPDb by long-term (i.e., 14-day) (left) and <i>ex vivo</i> (i.e., 16 h) (right) cultures, 8 weeks after <i>M</i>. <i>bovis</i> challenge. Data are presented in percentages (pies) and as mean (± SEM) number of cells producing IFN-γ <b>/</b> 10⁴ cells (histograms) (n = 16). Relative contribution of Tcm, Tem and T effector cells to IFN-γ production in response to PPDb <b>(B)</b> or to rESAT-6:CFP10 <b>(C)</b> in long-term cultures at three, six, eight or 12 weeks post-infection (WPI, n = 6). Tcm, Tem and effector cell phenotypes were as defined in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122571#pone.0122571.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0122571#pone.0122571.s003" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a> Tcm and Effector T cell contribution to IFN-γ production differs (*<i>P</i> < 0.05; **<i>P</i> < 0.01, paired Student's t-tests) between short- and long-term cultures.</p