Indirect observation of unobservable interstellar molecules

It is suggested that the abundances of neutral non-polar interstellar molecules unobservable by radio astronomy can be systematically determined by radio observation of the protonated ions. As an example, observed N2H(+) column densities are analyzed to infer molecular nitrogen abundances in dense interstellar clouds. The chemistries and expected densities of the protonated ions of O2, C2, CO2, C2H2 and CH4 are then discussed. Microwave transition frequencies fo HCO2(+) and C2H3(+) are estimated, and a preliminary astronomical search for HCO2(+) is described

Financial Impacts of Regional Differences in Dairies

The sensitivity of net cash farm income to changes in selected production variables, output prices, and input costs varies significantly across representative U.S. dairies. Different regions of the country were impacted differently by changes to production and prices.Agricultural Finance, Q12, Q14,

A Variational Approach to the Spinless Relativistic Coulomb Problem

By application of a straightforward variational procedure we derive a simple, analytic upper bound on the ground-state energy eigenvalue of a semirelativistic Hamiltonian for (one or two) spinless particles which experience some Coulomb-type interaction.Comment: 7 pages, HEPHY-PUB 606/9

Regional and Structural Impacts of Alternative Dairy Policy Options

Milk and dairy product prices have fallen to their lowest levels in 3 years following the record highs of 2004 and 2005. The large government stockpiles of non-fat dry milk are gone, but threaten to build again as non-fat dry milk and cheese prices decline nearer the support price level. A new farm bill is scheduled to be written in 2007. The Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) program included in the last farm bill was only authorized through September 2005. Subsequent legislation reinstated the MILC program through August 2007. WTO negotiations are on-going and could influence U.S. farm programs 1/. Dairy’s role in the U.S. amber box limit of $19.1 billion may necessitate some possible trade-offs with other commodities. Dairy counts about$4.2 billion toward the annual amber box limit, but actual spending only averages about $1 billion (Outlaw, et al). The pressure of low prices, WTO negotiations, MILC continuation, and a new farm bill has created the potential for a number of options and alternatives for dairy policy. This paper examines the regional and structural impacts of 3 dairy policy options: MILC continuation, a target price/deficiency payment program, and an increase in the support price. All three options are designed to spend$400 million in amber box payments per year. The analysis uses representative dairy farms in major milk producing regions of the country developed by the AFPC for policy analysis.Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Livestock Production/Industries,

The Effectiveness of Dairy Risk Management at Managing Income, Revenue, and Margin Risk

With the 2009 milk prices still fresh on everyone’s mind, there has been increased interest in ways to limit milk price volatility. Using SERF, this paper determined some dairies are willing to pay for limited milk price volatility and found a value they are willing to pay using risk premiums.Dairy, Stochastic Simulation, price volatility, Agricultural and Food Policy, Farm Management,

Classical and Quantum-Mechanical Calculations of HCO^+ + e → CO(v) + H

It has been suggested that interstellar CO produced in the dissociative recombination between HCO+ and electrons can be detected via infrared emission from excited vibrational levels. Using classical and quantum mechanical equations of motion, we have calculated the distribution of CO product vibrational states for the dissociative recombination reaction between HCO+ and electrons. We have assumed the dissociation to occur along a purely linear geometry. The CO vibrational distribution has been calculated for two electronic states: (1) the ground X1Σ^+ state and (2) the excited a ^3Π state. For the X state, we have used a newly calculated ab initio potential surface for the dissociation of HCO. Results for the a state can be compared with the results of experimental work by Adams and collaborators. Our results show that in general vibrational excitation of the CO product is not large, so that detection of infrared emission from interstellar clouds will not be facile

What a Difference a Year Makes in the Dairy Industry

The projections for feed and milk prices have changed over the last year. This study looks at how the changes affect the dairy industry. The high feed prices have been trumped by higher milk prices and the economic viability of the dairy industry has improved across the board.Demand and Price Analysis, Industrial Organization,

Profiles of Strong Permitted Lines in Classical T Tauri Stars

We present a spectral analysis of 30 T Tauri stars observed with the Hamilton echelle spectrograph over more than a decade. One goal is to test magnetospheric accretion model predictions. Observational evidence previously published supporting the model, such as emission line asymmetry and a high frequency of redshifted absorption components, are considered. We also discuss the relation between different line forming regions and search for good accretion rate indicators. In this work we confirm several important points of the models, such as the correlation between accretion and outflow, broad emission components that are mostly central or slightly blueshifted and only the occasional presence of redshifted absorption. We also show, however, that the broad emission components supposedly formed in the magnetospheric accretion flow only partially support the models. Unlike the predictions, they are sometimes redshifted, and are mostly found to be symmetric. The published theoretical profiles do not have a strong resemblance to our observed ones. We emphasize the need for accretion models to include a strong turbulent component before their profiles will match the observations. The effects of rotation, and the outflow components, will also be needed to complete the picture.Comment: 25 pages including 9 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journa

Radiative corrections to the pressure and the one-loop polarization tensor of massless modes in SU(2) Yang-Mills thermodynamics

We compute the one-loop polarization tensor $\Pi$ for the on-shell, massless mode in a thermalized SU(2) Yang-Mills theory being in its deconfining phase. Postulating that SU(2)$_{\tiny{CMB}}\stackrel{\tiny{today}}=U(1)_Y$, we discuss $\Pi$'s effect on the low-momentum part of the black-body spectrum at temperatures $\sim 2... 4$ $T_{\tiny{CMB}}$ where $T_{\tiny{CMB}}\sim 2.73$K. A table-top experiment is proposed to test the above postulate. As an application, we point out a possible connection with the stability of dilute, cold, and old innergalactic atomic hydrogen clouds. We also compute the two-loop correction to the pressure arising from the instantaneous massless mode in unitary-Coulomb gauge, which formerly was neglected, and present improved estimates for subdominant corrections.Comment: 25 pages, 17 figs, v4: consequences of a modification of the evolution equation for the effectice coupling implemented, no qualitative change of the physic

The Effects of Sex-Sorted Semen on Southern Dairy Farms

This paper examines the impact of sex-sorted semen adoption on dairy farm level economics. Representative dairies are used to simulate the financial impacts of moving to this new technology. Key economic, financial and herd dynamics will be compared among dairies to show how the uses of sex-sorted semen will affect dairy farms. All seven of the representative dairies that were analyzed sold surplus replacement heifers using sex-sorted semen. The increase use of sex-sorted semen can have very positive impacts on dairies throughout the Southern United States.Dairy production, sex sorted semen, production economics, scenario analysis, Agribusiness, Farm Management, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics,