Nutzung der Widerstandsfähigkeit von Apfel- und Birnensorten im Streuobstbau gegenüber dem Feuerbrand (Erwinia amylovora)

Ausgewählte Apfel- und Birnensorten des Streuobstanbaus wurden während der Jahre 2002 und 2003 auf ihre Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber dem Feuerbrand überprüft. Künstlich inokulierte Birnenbäume der Sorten Gelbmöstler, Grünmöstler, Oberösterreicher, Schweizer Wasserbirne und Wilde Eierbirne reagierten während der Jahre 2002 und 2003 hoch anfällig. Die Sorte Karcherbirne zeigte in beiden Jahren mittleren Befall, während sich die Sorte Metzer Bratbirne mit 2 Befallsstellen pro Baum als gering anfällig erwies. Die Birnensorten Oberösterreicher und Gelbmöstler zeigten sich unter natürlichen Befallsbedingungen anfällig, wobei Oberösterreicher in beiden Jahren stärker befallen wurde als Gelbmöstler. Die Sorte Schweizer Wasserbirne, die sich nach künstlicher Inokulation hochanfällig zeigte, wies unter natürlichen Bedingungen keinen oder nur schwachen Befall auf. Untersuchungen zur Resistenz von Apfelsorten unter den Bedingungen der künstlichen Triebinfektion ergaben für die Sorten Brettacher, Hauxapfel, Pilot und Rote Schafsnase eine hohe Anfälligkeit, während die Sorten Bohnapafel, Brauner Matapfel und Schöner aus Wiltshire nur geringen Befall zeigten. Die Sorte Zabergäu zeigte eine mittlere Anfälligkeit. Unter natürlichen Bedingungen konnte in 2002 und 2003 an den Apfelsorten Brettacher, Jakob Fischer und Pilot schwacher Befall festgestellt werden. 2003 zeigte außerdem die Sorte Berlepsch mittleren Feuebrandbefall. Die Sorten Bohnapfel und Zabergäu blieben unter natürlichen Bedingungen befallsfrei. In den bisherigen Untersuchungen blieben Streuobstsorten, die unter den Bedingungen der künstlichen Inokulation nur schwachen Befall zeigten auch unter natürlichen Bedingungen symptomfrei

Gauge R&R: An Effective Methodology for Determining the Adequacy of a New Measurement System for Micron-level Metrology

To compete in a global marketplace, manufacturers are increasingly turning to advanced manufacturing techniques to increase productivity and gain a competitive advantage. This trend requires management to be able to make decisions based on proper quantitative analysis of data. In the manufacturing process, control of variation with an increasingly high degree of precision demands an improved degree of measurement effectiveness. Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) is a collection of statistical methods (which includes the Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility study) for the analysis of measurement system capability (Automotive Industry Action Group [AIAG], 2002; Smith, McCrary, & Callahan, 2007)

Improve Outcomes in Lean Six Sigma with Servant Leadership

1. Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore lean leadership within Lean Six Sigma (LSS). The objective of this paper was to explore how LSS program success might be improved by focusing Black Belt efforts on mentoring Green Belts with a servant leadership model. The importance of Green Belt projects is typically overlooked in the literature. The effects of prioritizing the development of Green Belts and building a culture of continuous improvement over the traditional Black Belt project focus is explored. 2. Design/Methodology/Approach The methodology of this paper is inspired by the authors’ field experiences in managing LSS strategies and due to the limited literature, is descriptive, rather than empirical. This study includes a review of management and LSS journal articles from the major management science publishers and a synthesis of findings based upon an operations management theory-building approach for proposing a LSS servant leadership model. 3. Findings We propose a Servant Leadership Framework for LSS which includes: building trust, prioritizing Green Belt development ahead of personal project goals, prioritizing culture building over project results, Black Belt focus on managing Green Belts, and the inclusion of non-financial projects. 4. Research Limitations/Implications This study is limited to the theoretical nature of the work, where the methods are limited to the specific research concepts, lacking external validity. 5. Practical Implications The practical implication is a shift in approach, from developing Black Belts for project leadership and tool mastery, to coaching, culture building, people leadership, and leading the closure of more, smaller projects. 6. Value The value of this paper is a proposed model for lean Leadership within LSS roles; a model which has been observed to produce superior results. This approach may be of interest to LSS researchers and practitioners at all levels. Research Keywords: Lean, Human Development, Six Sigma, Green Bel

Copula-based assimilation of radar and gauge information to derive bias corrected precipitation fields

This study addresses the problem of combining radar information and gauge measurements. Gauge measurements are the best available source of absolute rainfall intensity albeit their spatial availability is limited. Precipitation information obtained by radar mimics well the spatial patterns but is biased for their absolute values. <br><br> In this study copula models are used to describe the dependence structure between gauge observations and rainfall derived from radar reflectivity at the corresponding grid cells. After appropriate time series transformation to generate "iid" variates, only the positive pairs (radar >0, gauge >0) of the residuals are considered. As not each grid cell can be assigned to one gauge, the integration of point information, i.e. gauge rainfall intensities, is achieved by considering the structure and the strength of dependence between the radar pixels and all the gauges within the radar image. Two different approaches, namely <i>Maximum Theta</i> and <i>Multiple Theta</i>, are presented. They finally allow for generating precipitation fields that mimic the spatial patterns of the radar fields and correct them for biases in their absolute rainfall intensities. The performance of the approach, which can be seen as a bias-correction for radar fields, is demonstrated for the Bavarian Alps. The bias-corrected rainfall fields are compared to a field of interpolated gauge values (ordinary kriging) and are validated with available gauge measurements. The simulated precipitation fields are compared to an operationally corrected radar precipitation field (RADOLAN). The copula-based approach performs similarly well as indicated by different validation measures and successfully corrects for errors in the radar precipitation

PMAS: The Potsdam Multi Aperture Spectrophotometer. II. The Wide Integral Field Unit PPak

PPak is a new fiber-based Integral Field Unit (IFU), developed at the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam, implemented as a module into the existing PMAS spectrograph. The purpose of PPak is to provide both an extended field-of-view with a large light collecting power for each spatial element, as well as an adequate spectral resolution. The PPak system consists of a fiber bundle with 331 object, 36 sky and 15 calibration fibers. The object and sky fibers collect the light from the focal plane behind a focal reducer lens. The object fibers of PPak, each 2.7 arcseconds in diameter, provide a contiguous hexagonal field-of-view of 74 times 64 arcseconds on the sky, with a filling factor of 60%. The operational wavelength range is from 400 to 900nm. The PPak-IFU, together with the PMAS spectrograph, are intended for the study of extended, low surface brightness objects, offering an optimization of total light-collecting power and spectral resolution. This paper describes the instrument design, the assembly, integration and tests, the commissioning and operational procedures, and presents the measured performance at the telescope.Comment: 14 pages, 21 figures, accepted at PAS

Exploring the potential of the cost-efficient tahmo observation data for hydro-meteorological applications in sub-saharan africa

The Trans-African Hydro-Meteorological Observatory (TAHMO) is a promising initiative aiming to install 20,000 stations in sub-Saharan Africa counteracting the decreasing trend of available measuring stations. To achieve this goal, it is particularly important that the installed weather stations are cost-efficient, appropriate for African conditions, and reliably measure the most important variables for hydro-meteorological applications. Since there exist no performance studies of TAHMO stations while operating in Africa, it is necessary to investigate their performance under different climate conditions. This study provides a first analysis of the performance of 10 selected TAHMO stations across Burkina Faso (BF). More specifically, the analysis consists of missing value statistics, plausibility tests of temperature (minimum, maximum) and precipitation, spatial dependencies (correlograms) by comparison with daily observations from synoptical stations of the BF meteorological service as well as cross-comparison between the TAHMO stations. Based on the results of this study for BF for the period from May 2017 to December 2020, it is concluded that TAHMO potentially offers a reliable and cost-efficient solution for applications in hydro-meteorology. The usage of wind speed measurements cannot be recommended without reservation, at least not without bias correcting of the data. The limited measurement period of TAHMO still prevents its usability in climate (impact) research. It is also stressed that TAHMO cannot replace existing observation networks operated by the local meteorological services, but it can be a complement and has great potential for detailed spatial analyses. Since restricted to BF in this analysis, more evaluation studies of TAHMO are needed considering different environmental and climate conditions across SSA