Potential Control of Invasive Mesquite Through Improving the Consumer’s Understanding of Liquid Smoke Applications.

Mesquite trees continue to invade forests and range lands in many countries across the world. The cost to remove these trees is staggering. In Texas, landowners spent $25 million over a 10- year period to clear 300,000 ha of mesquite trees, a fraction of the 22 million ha of Texas land affected by this invasion. Estimates are that the mesquite continues to negatively impact one to two percent of additional land in selected counties each year in Texas. However, the problem is not unique to Texas, but rather to the 44 species of mesquite trees, belonging to the genus Prosopis found in the pea family, the Fabaceae, introduced across the southern United States, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean. In response, researchers are searching for economically viable uses for harvested trees and seeds to provide an alternative to the high cost of removal. If viable uses for harvested mesquite trees and seeds are found, then sustained pressure will limit and ultimately reduce the negative impact from these invasive trees. One key factor to controlling this invasive species is to find economically and environmentally sustainable uses to help pay the costs of removal or perhaps make removal less necessary. Traditional uses of mesquite are as a building material, as a source of food for both animals and humans and as wood for charcoal. Emerging uses of mesquite are new applications as a biofuel and as a bio-filter medium for water. Moreover, forestry land management of mesquite has adapted to include the tree as a component of hunting lands. New control methodologies and technologies are based on an increased understanding of mesquite growth patterns, using recommended practices that reduce control and eradication costs while improving the efficiency of land management. Previous land management practices have proven that excessive application of herbicides, physical removal of mesquite trees, or human-induced brush fires, if not carefully planned, only worsen mesquite infestations. The growing problem of mesquite land management provides an opportunity for continued research into novel ways to utilize mesquite biomass, of both wood and seed pods. For example, liquid smoke application for poultry products. Boneless, skinless chicken breasts comprise almost 30$7 including the baseline price following the health claims for the liquid smoked chicken. The order of presentation of the information did not affect the results

A Tax-Trap for the Unwary: The Disposition of Installment Obligations

A Tax-Trap for the Unwar

Dividing cornfields into soil management units for nitrogen fertilization

The advent of applicators having the capacity to adjust rates of fertilization as they move across fields has created a need to subdivide fields into nitrogen (N) management units, or areas of soil that should receive a common rate of N. This dissertation explores methods for using yield monitors on combines, The Global Positioning System (GPS), remote sensing, and geographic information systems (GIS) to subdivide fields into N management units. Fertilizer treatments were applied in replicated strips 4.5--6 m wide and \u3e500 m long across fields having several soil types. Combines with yield monitors harvested each strip as a single swath. Geographic information systems were used to divide the field into 28 m2 grid cells and yield responses to treatments were calculated from the appropriate paired cells. Cells within this grid formed a population of yield responses for the whole field or for any subdivision. The field was subdivided into possible management zones by using soil survey maps or spatial pattern in light reflectance from crop canopies. Only when subdivisions resulted in yield responses great enough to pay for the treatment were the subdivisions considered different management units. Analysis showed that yield responses great enough to pay for the treatment were usually statistically significant. The experimental precision attained was considerably better than obtained in conventional small plot fertility trials. Remote sensing of canopy reflectance could identify small areas that differed substantially from the surrounding soil. This information can be used to correct and add important details to soil survey maps and maps of N management units. An important advantage of this method is that populations of yield responses are characterized for areas of soil having defined ranges of heterogeneity and, therefore, results of experiments can be used to make scientifically defensible N recommendations for areas of soil having the same defined range of heterogeneity. The major advantage, however, is that farmers can conduct trials in their fields at negligible cost and they can see the results

Potential Control of Invasive Mesquite Through Improving the Consumer’s Understanding of Liquid Smoke Applications.

Mesquite trees continue to invade forests and range lands in many countries across the world. The cost to remove these trees is staggering. In Texas, landowners spent $25 million over a 10- year period to clear 300,000 ha of mesquite trees, a fraction of the 22 million ha of Texas land affected by this invasion. Estimates are that the mesquite continues to negatively impact one to two percent of additional land in selected counties each year in Texas. However, the problem is not unique to Texas, but rather to the 44 species of mesquite trees, belonging to the genus Prosopis found in the pea family, the Fabaceae, introduced across the southern United States, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean. In response, researchers are searching for economically viable uses for harvested trees and seeds to provide an alternative to the high cost of removal. If viable uses for harvested mesquite trees and seeds are found, then sustained pressure will limit and ultimately reduce the negative impact from these invasive trees. One key factor to controlling this invasive species is to find economically and environmentally sustainable uses to help pay the costs of removal or perhaps make removal less necessary. Traditional uses of mesquite are as a building material, as a source of food for both animals and humans and as wood for charcoal. Emerging uses of mesquite are new applications as a biofuel and as a bio-filter medium for water. Moreover, forestry land management of mesquite has adapted to include the tree as a component of hunting lands. New control methodologies and technologies are based on an increased understanding of mesquite growth patterns, using recommended practices that reduce control and eradication costs while improving the efficiency of land management. Previous land management practices have proven that excessive application of herbicides, physical removal of mesquite trees, or human-induced brush fires, if not carefully planned, only worsen mesquite infestations. The growing problem of mesquite land management provides an opportunity for continued research into novel ways to utilize mesquite biomass, of both wood and seed pods. For example, liquid smoke application for poultry products. Boneless, skinless chicken breasts comprise almost 30$7 including the baseline price following the health claims for the liquid smoked chicken. The order of presentation of the information did not affect the results

Definitions of Hazing: Differences Among Selected Student Organizations

Fraternities, sororities, military organizations, athletic groups, and marching bands commonly are associated with hazing activities. Although such organizations have been linked to hazing activities, the fact that different entities and organizations have different definitions and perceptions of hazing has hindered any real effort to challenge and combat such activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the activities students define as hazing differed among the selected student organizations. This study discovered statistically significant differences (p\u3c.05) among the selected student organizations/or physical hazing activities and psychological hazing activities, as well as statistically significant differences (p\u3c.05) between women and men for physical hazing activities, psychological hazing activities, and other hazing activities. This study also identified 10 activities students in all groups identified as hazing, which moves us toward a common definition of hazing

Time correlations between low and high energy gamma rays from discrete sources

Activities covered the following areas: (1) continuing analysis of the Cygnus Experiment data on the shadowing of cosmic rays by the moon and sun, which led to a direct confirmation of the angular resolution of the CYGNUS EAS array; and (2) development of analysis methods for the daily search overlapping with EGRET targets. To date, no steady emission of ultrahigh energy (UHE) gamma rays from any source has been detected by the Cygnus Experiment, but some evidence for sporadic emission had been found. Upper limits on steady fluxes from 49 sources in the northern hemisphere have been published. In addition, a daily search of 51 possible sources over the interval April 1986 to June 1992 found no evidence for emission. From these source lists, four candidates were selected for comparison with EGRET data

Rescue fertilization following losses of nitrogen

Precision farming studies are revealing that substantial amounts of fertilizer nitrogen (N) often are lost soon after application. In a surprising number of fields, most of the fertilizer N is lost before it is needed by the crop. Figure 1 (right) shows aerial photographs from a portion of such a field. This field received 125 lb of N/acre as anhydrous ammonia in the fall of 1997. The late spring test indicated that soil nitrate concentrations were less than 10 ppm at the end of May 1998. The aerial photograph (top) taken in early July showed streaks of light-and-dark green plants. The streaks were caused by nonuniform applications of anhydrous ammonia between knives. Most of the plants in the field, however, had run out of N when they needed it most