963 research outputs found
Deep subsurface drip irrigation using coal-bed sodic water: Part II. Geochemistry
Waters with low salinity and high sodium adsorption ratios (SARs) present a challenge to irrigation because they degrade soil structure and infiltration capacity. In the Powder River Basin of Wyoming, such low salinity (electrical conductivity, EC 2.1 mS cm−1) and high-SAR (54) waters are co-produced with coal-bed methane and some are used for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). The SDI system studied mixes sulfuric acid with irrigation water and applies water year-round via drip tubing buried 92 cm deep. After six years of irrigation, SAR values between 0 and 30 cm depth (0.5–1.2) are only slightly increased over non-irrigated soils (0.1–0.5). Only 8–15% of added Na has accumulated above the drip tubing. Sodicity has increased in soil surrounding the drip tubing, and geochemical simulations show that two pathways can generate sodic conditions. In soil between 45-cm depth and the drip tubing, Na from the irrigation water accumulates as evapotranspiration concentrates solutes. SAR values \u3e12, measured by 1:1 water–soil extracts, are caused by concentration of solutes by factors up to 13. Low-EC (\u3c0.7 mS cm−1) is caused by rain and snowmelt flushing the soil and displacing ions in soil solution. Soil below the drip tubing experiences lower solute concentration factors (1–1.65) due to excess irrigation water and also contains relatively abundant native gypsum (2.4 ± 1.7 wt.%). Geochemical simulations show gypsum dissolution decreases soil-water SAR to \u3c7 and increases the EC to around 4.1 mS cm−1, thus limiting negative impacts from sodicity. With sustained irrigation, however, downward flow of excess irrigation water depletes gypsum, increasing soil-water SAR to \u3e14 and decreasing EC in soil water to 3.2 mS cm−1. Increased sodicity in the subsurface, rather than the surface, indicates that deep SDI can be a viable means of irrigating with sodic waters
Deep subsurface drip irrigation using coal-bed sodic water: Part II. Geochemistry
Waters with low salinity and high sodium adsorption ratios (SARs) present a challenge to irrigation because they degrade soil structure and infiltration capacity. In the Powder River Basin of Wyoming, such low salinity (electrical conductivity, EC 2.1 mS cm−1) and high-SAR (54) waters are co-produced with coal-bed methane and some are used for subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). The SDI system studied mixes sulfuric acid with irrigation water and applies water year-round via drip tubing buried 92 cm deep. After six years of irrigation, SAR values between 0 and 30 cm depth (0.5–1.2) are only slightly increased over non-irrigated soils (0.1–0.5). Only 8–15% of added Na has accumulated above the drip tubing. Sodicity has increased in soil surrounding the drip tubing, and geochemical simulations show that two pathways can generate sodic conditions. In soil between 45-cm depth and the drip tubing, Na from the irrigation water accumulates as evapotranspiration concentrates solutes. SAR values \u3e12, measured by 1:1 water–soil extracts, are caused by concentration of solutes by factors up to 13. Low-EC (\u3c0.7 mS cm−1) is caused by rain and snowmelt flushing the soil and displacing ions in soil solution. Soil below the drip tubing experiences lower solute concentration factors (1–1.65) due to excess irrigation water and also contains relatively abundant native gypsum (2.4 ± 1.7 wt.%). Geochemical simulations show gypsum dissolution decreases soil-water SAR to \u3c7 and increases the EC to around 4.1 mS cm−1, thus limiting negative impacts from sodicity. With sustained irrigation, however, downward flow of excess irrigation water depletes gypsum, increasing soil-water SAR to \u3e14 and decreasing EC in soil water to 3.2 mS cm−1. Increased sodicity in the subsurface, rather than the surface, indicates that deep SDI can be a viable means of irrigating with sodic waters
Finite element approximation of the -Laplacian
We study a~priori estimates for the Dirichlet problem of the
-Laplacian,
We show that the gradients of the finite element approximation with zero
boundary data converges with rate if the exponent is
-H\"{o}lder continuous. The error of the gradients is measured in the
so-called quasi-norm, i.e. we measure the -error of
Ultrafast dynamics of coherences in the quantum Hall system
Using three-pulse four-wave-mixing optical spectroscopy, we study the
ultrafast dynamics of the quantum Hall system. We observe striking differences
as compared to an undoped system, where the 2D electron gas is absent. In
particular, we observe a large off-resonant signal with strong oscillations.
Using a microscopic theory, we show that these are due to many-particle
coherences created by interactions between photoexcited carriers and collective
excitations of the 2D electron gas. We extract quantitative information about
the dephasing and interference of these coherences.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev. Let
Correlated many-body treatment of Breit interaction with application to cesium atomic properties and parity violation
Corrections from Breit interaction to basic properties of atomic 133Cs are
determined in the framework of third-order relativistic many-body perturbation
theory. The corrections to energies, hyperfine-structure constants,
off-diagonal hyperfine 6S-7S amplitude, and electric-dipole matrix elements are
tabulated. It is demonstrated that the Breit corrections to correlations are
comparable to the Breit corrections at the Dirac-Hartree-Fock level.
Modification of the parity-nonconserving (PNC) 6S-7S amplitude due to Breit
interaction is also evaluated; the resulting weak charge of Cs shows no
significant deviation from the prediction of the standard model of elementary
particles. The neutron skin correction to the PNC amplitude is also estimated
to be -0.2% with an error bound of 30% based on the analysis of recent
experiments with antiprotonic atoms. The present work supplements publication
[A. Derevianko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 1618 (2000)] with a discussion of the
formalism and provides additional numerical results and updated discussion of
parity violation.Comment: 16 pages; 5 figs; submitted to Phys. Rev.
Can the magnetic moment contribution explain the A_y puzzle?
We evaluate the full one-photon-exchange Born amplitude for scattering.
We include the contributions due to the magnetic moment of the proton or
neutron, and the magnetic moment and quadrupole moment of the deuteron. It is
found that the inclusion of the magnetic-moment interaction in the theoretical
description of the scattering observables cannot resolve the long-standing
puzzle.Comment: 7 pages, 2 Postscript figures; to appear in Phys.Rev.
Genome sequences of 10 new carnation mottle virus variants
Here, we report the genome sequences of 10 Carnation mottle virus variants. Six variants originated from a single proprietary carnation cultivar, and four were derived from four different proprietary cultivars. All variants showed nucleotide differences, but the last four did not show any variation at the amino acid level
Long Range Magnetic Order and the Darwin Lagrangian
We simulate a finite system of confined electrons with inclusion of the
Darwin magnetic interaction in two- and three-dimensions. The lowest energy
states are located using the steepest descent quenching adapted for velocity
dependent potentials. Below a critical density the ground state is a static
Wigner lattice. For supercritical density the ground state has a non-zero
kinetic energy. The critical density decreases with for exponential
confinement but not for harmonic confinement. The lowest energy state also
depends on the confinement and dimension: an antiferromagnetic cluster forms
for harmonic confinement in two dimensions.Comment: 5 figure
Irreversible quantum graphs
Irreversibility is introduced to quantum graphs by coupling the graphs to a
bath of harmonic oscillators. The interaction which is linear in the harmonic
oscillator amplitudes is localized at the vertices. It is shown that for
sufficiently strong coupling, the spectrum of the system admits a new continuum
mode which exists even if the graph is compact, and a {\it single} harmonic
oscillator is coupled to it. This mechanism is shown to imply that the quantum
dynamics is irreversible. Moreover, it demonstrates the surprising result that
irreversibility can be introduced by a "bath" which consists of a {\it single}
harmonic oscillator
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