Common Development Strategies for Asian and Latin American Developing Countries: From the Perspective of Foreign Trade

The biggest developing countries in the world in terms size, populationand GDP are located in the continents of Asia and Latin America. In these regions, there are also themost emerging-market economies with great potential for sustaining high growth rates in the comingdecades (so called the BRICs) like China, India and Brazil. Since the last quarter of the nineteenthcentury to the present, the major developing countries in Asia and in Latin America, such as China,India, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico, etc have gone through various stages of development.paper makes an analysis of globalization’s influences, the strengths and weaknesses of the system ofWTO, participation of Asian and Latin American developing countries in the negotiations of DohaRound, development strategies to be adopted by these economies and also some importantimplications for building new balance in International agenda of 21st century

One Size Does Not Fit All: Stunting and Social Protection in Rural Tanzania?

Nutrition has featured prominently in Tanzania's quest for prosperity and development. Malnutrition was identified as one of the big three enemies of the people alongside poverty and ignorance in the 1967 Arusha Declaration which set out the vision and direction for Tanzania's development in the following two decades. The Iringa Nutrition Project initiated by Tanzania Food and Nutrition Council (TFNC) under WHO/UNICEF support between 1979 and 1992 not only reduced prevalence of underweight from 56% to 38% in five years (TFNC, 2004) but also facilitated the development of the UNICEF conceptual framework of malnutrition and greatly influenced the global thinking on how to improve nutritional wellbeing in developing countries

Harmony, Law and Criminal Reconciliation in China: A Historical Perspective

In 2012, China revised its Criminal Procedure Law (2012 CPL). One of the major changes is its official approval of the use of victim-offender reconciliation, or ‘criminal reconciliation’ in certain public prosecution cases. This change, on the one hand, echoes the Confucian doctrine that favours harmonious inter-personal relationships and mediation, while, on the other hand, it deviates from the direction of legal reforms dating from the 1970s through the late 1990s. Questions have emerged concerning not only the cause of this change in legal norms but also the proper position of criminal reconciliation in the current criminal justice system in China. The answers to these questions largely rely on understanding the role of traditional informal dispute resolution as well as its interaction with legal norms. Criminal reconciliation in ancient China functioned as a means to centralise imperial power by decentralizing decentralising its administration. Abolishing or enabling such a mechanism in law is merely a small part of the government’s strategy to react to political or social crises and to maintain social stability. However, its actual effect depends on the vitality of Confucianism, which in turn relies on the economic foundation and corresponding structure of society

Proof of a conjecture on the ϵ-spectral radius of trees

The ϵ-spectral radius of a connected graph is the largest eigenvalue of its eccentricity matrix. In this paper, we identify the unique n-vertex tree with diameter 4 and matching number 5 that minimizes the ϵ-spectral radius, and thus resolve a conjecture proposed in [W. Wei, S. Li, L. Zhang, Characterizing the extremal graphs with respect to the eccentricity spectral radius, and beyond, Discrete Math. 345 (2022) 112686]

Majorana zero modes in a quantum Ising chain with longer-ranged interactions

A one-dimensional Ising model in a transverse field can be mapped onto a system of spinless fermions with p-wave superconductivity. In the weak-coupling BCS regime, it exhibits a zero energy Majorana mode at each end of the chain. Here, we consider a variation of the model, which represents a superconductor with longer ranged kinetic energy and pairing amplitudes, as is likely to occur in more realistic systems. It possesses a richer zero temperature phase diagram and has several quantum phase transitions. From an exact solution of the model these phases can be classified according to the number of Majorana zero modes of an open chain: 0, 1, or 2 at each end. The model posseses a multicritical point where phases with 0, 1, and 2 Majorana end modes meet. The number of Majorana modes at each end of the chain is identical to the topological winding number of the Anderson's pseudospin vector that describes the BCS Hamiltonian. The topological classification of the phases requires a unitary time-reversal symmetry to be present. When this symmetry is broken, only the number of Majorana end modes modulo 2 can be used to distinguish two phases. In one of the regimes, the wave functions of the two phase shifted Majorana zero modes decays exponentially in space but but in an oscillatory manner. The wavelength of oscillation is identical to the asymptotic connected spin-spin correlation of the XY-model in a transverse field to which our model is dual.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures; brief clarifying comments added; few new references; this version is accepted in Phys. Rev.