1,313 research outputs found
Soviet Comrades\u27 Courts
A major aspect of Soviet criminal law reform since 1959 has been the transfer of certain judicial functions to Comrades\u27 Courts, which are nonprofessional tribunals established to try petty offenses in enterprises, apartment houses, collective farms, universities, and elsewhere. These are called social, rather than state, agencies, because they are not staffed by civil servants but by volunteers and because they are conceived to perform a persuasive rather than a coercive function. Apart from their practical importance, they play an important part in symbolizing the theory that in the new period of expanded construction of communism there will be a decline in the use of formal and coercive sanctions and an increase in the use of informal and popular instruments of self-government. Under communism itself, the first stage of which, according to the 1961 Party Program, is to be achieved by 1980, this process of the dying out of the state, it is said, will be accelerated, as crime gradually disappears and such remnants of the past as the spirit of individualism and money-grubbing, the psychology of private property, and moral callousness cease to exist
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Analysis of exceedances in the daily PM10 mass concentration (50 ÎŒg mâ3) at a roadside station in Leipzig, Germany
Five years of PM10 and PM2.5 ambient air measurements at a roadside, an urban, and a regional background site in Leipzig (Germany) were analyzed for violations of the legal PM10 limit value (EC, 1999). The annual mean PM10 concentrations at the three sites were well below the legal threshold of 40 ÎŒg mâ3 (32.6, 22.0 and 21.7 ÎŒg mâ3, respectively). At roadside, the daily maximum value of 50 ÎŒg mâ3 was exceeded on 232 days (13% of all days) in 2005â2009, which led to a violation of the EC directive in three out of five years. We analysed the meteorological factors and local source contributions that eventually led to the exceedances of the daily limit value. As noted in other urban environments before, most exceedance days were observed in the cold season. Exceedance days were most probable under synoptic situations characterised by stagnant winds, low temperatures and strong temperature inversions in winter time. However, these extreme situations accounted for only less than half of the exeedance days. We also noticed a significant number of exceedance days that occurred in the cold season under south-westerly winds, and in the warm season in the presence of easterly winds. Our analysis suggests that local as well as regional sources of PM are equally responsible for exceedances days at the roadside site. The conclusion is that a combined effort of local, national and international reduction measures appears most likely to avoid systematic exceedances of the daily limit value in the future
The point spread function in interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT). I. Aberrations in defocusing and axial localization
Interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy is an emerging label-free
technique optimized for the sensitive detection of nano-matter. Previous iSCAT
studies have approximated the point spread function in iSCAT by a Gaussian
intensity distribution. However, recent efforts to track the mobility of
nanoparticles in challenging speckle environments and over extended axial
ranges has necessitated a quantitative description of the interferometric point
spread function (iPSF). We present a robust vectorial diffraction model for the
iPSF in tandem with experimental measurements and rigorous FDTD simulations. We
examine the iPSF under various imaging scenarios to understand how aberrations
due to the experimental configuration encode information about the
nanoparticle. We show that the lateral shape of the iPSF can be used to achieve
nanometric three-dimensional localization over an extended axial range on the
order of 10m either by means of a fit to an analytical model or
calibration-free unsupervised machine learning. Our results have immediate
implications for three-dimensional single particle tracking in complex
scattering media
The most creative organization in the world? The BBC, 'creativity' and managerial style
The managerial styles of two BBC directors-general, John Birt and Greg Dyke, have often been contrasted but not so far analysed from the perspective of their different views of 'creative management'. This article first addresses the orthodox reading of 'Birtism'; second, it locates Dyke's 'creative' turn in the wider context of fashionable neo-management theory and UK government creative industries policy; third, it details Dyke's drive to change the BBC's culture; and finally, it concludes with some reflections on the uncertainties inherent in managing a creative organisation
Fabrication of Micro Structured Dental Implant Abutments for Optimized Soft Tissue Integration
Enhancing the softâtissue integration of dental implant abutments - in vitro study to reveal an optimized microgroove surface design to maximize spreading and alignment of human gingival fibroblasts
Seasonal and diurnal variations of particulate nitrate and organic matter at the IfT research station Melpitz
Ammonium nitrate and several organic compounds such as dicarboxylic acids (e.g. succinic acid, glutaric acid), some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) or some n-alkanes are semi-volatile. The transition of these compounds between the gas and particulate phase may significantly change the aerosol particles radiative properties, the heterogeneous chemical properties, and, naturally, the total particulate mass concentration. To better assess these time-dependent effects, three intensive field experiments were conducted in 2008â2009 at the Central European EMEP research station Melpitz (Germany) using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). Data from all seasons highlight organic matter as being the most important particulate fraction of PM1 in summer (59%) while in winter, the nitrate fraction was more prevalent (34.4%). The diurnal variation of nitrate always showed the lowest concentration during the day while its concentration increased during the night. This night increase of nitrate concentration was higher in winter (ÎNO3â = 3.6 ÎŒg mâ3) than in summer (ÎNO3â = 0.7 ÎŒg mâ3). The variation in particulate nitrate was inherently linked to the gas-to-particle-phase equilibrium of ammonium nitrate and the dynamics of the atmosphere during day. The results of this study suggest that during summer nights, the condensation of HNO3 and NH3 on pre-existing particles represents the most prevalent source of nitrate, whereas during winter, nighttime chemistry is the predominant source of nitrate. During the summer 2008's campaign, a clear diurnal evolution in the oxidation state of the organic matter became evident (Organic Mass to Organic Carbon ratio (OM/OC) ranging from 1.65 during night to 1.80 during day and carbon oxidation state (OSc) from â0.66 to â0.4), which could be correlated to hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone concentrations, indicating a photochemical transformation process. In summer, the organic particulate matter seemed to be heavily influenced by regional secondary formation and transformation processes, facilitated by photochemical production processes as well as a diurnal cycling of the substances between the gas and particulate phase. In winter, these processes were obviously less pronounced (OM/OC ranging from 1.60 to 1.67 and OSc from â0.8 to â0.7), so that organic matter apparently originated mainly from aged particles and long range transport
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