Making Government Work

For a city or state government to be viable in the last decade of the 20th century, elected leaders must view modern management as a crusade. The work force must receive fair and equitable compensation, and all must be committed to constant quality improvement. Newspapers, magazines, radio and television must report the success stories and the failures. Taxpayers must understand that government services can improve, and the leaders must be held accountable. This is possible throughout the country but it will not happen unless an educated electorate demands it and the elected officials understand the stakes and urgency involved

The mentalities of early South Australian pastoralists : the Angas, Keynes, McBean and Melrose families in central South Australia / Robert W. Linn

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of History, 1984

Keeping Squirrels and Roof Rats Out of Structures

component of any total pest control program. There are many species of rodents that enter buildings, usually for the purpose of shelter and/or food. They may enter in the fall to survive the winter weather, or in the spring to have a safe place to give birth to their young. Much has been written about rodent-proofing buildings to keep out both native and introduced rats and mice. This article will try and cover methods that can be used to keep out our native squirrels, which include the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus), the eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus the Douglas squirrel or chickaree (Tamiasciurus douglasii the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomvs ), and the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomvs sabrinus) Roof or black rats (Rattus rattus) have similar behavior to squirrels when entering structures. Therefore, any discussion of squirrels also applies to roof rats. Rodent-proofing methods, especially for squirrels, are in more demand now because of overpopulations of these animals in urbanizing environments. Also, cedar wood is being used more as a building material, mostly on residential structures. Cedar, being a soft wood, is more susceptible to rodent damage. Before actual rodent-proofing can take place, a thorough inspection of the structure should be made. Make note of vulnerable areas, as well as areas which are being used. If an animal is in the structure, it must be removed before rodent-proofing. However, for this article, animal removal techniques will not be discussed

Keeping Squirrels and Roof Rats Out of Structures

component of any total pest control program. There are many species of rodents that enter buildings, usually for the purpose of shelter and/or food. They may enter in the fall to survive the winter weather, or in the spring to have a safe place to give birth to their young. Much has been written about rodent-proofing buildings to keep out both native and introduced rats and mice. This article will try and cover methods that can be used to keep out our native squirrels, which include the eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), the western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus), the eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus the Douglas squirrel or chickaree (Tamiasciurus douglasii the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomvs ), and the northern flying squirrel (Glaucomvs sabrinus) Roof or black rats (Rattus rattus) have similar behavior to squirrels when entering structures. Therefore, any discussion of squirrels also applies to roof rats. Rodent-proofing methods, especially for squirrels, are in more demand now because of overpopulations of these animals in urbanizing environments. Also, cedar wood is being used more as a building material, mostly on residential structures. Cedar, being a soft wood, is more susceptible to rodent damage. Before actual rodent-proofing can take place, a thorough inspection of the structure should be made. Make note of vulnerable areas, as well as areas which are being used. If an animal is in the structure, it must be removed before rodent-proofing. However, for this article, animal removal techniques will not be discussed

Murphy\u27s Law and the Uncertainty of Electron Probes

The electron microscope has brought over the last fifty years a wealth of information about the structure of solids, from surface topography to the details of atomic arrangements. Like any probe, however, the electron beam is subject to the epistomological constraint that the investigator inevitably perturbs what is being investigated, and from its beginnings questions were raised about the integrity of the ·images generated in the microscope from a specimen which was subjected to such an aggressive probe. A fast electron is about as likely to be scattered inelastically as elastically from a collection of atoms, and the density of energy transfer to these atoms, under conditions where their positions or identities can be established, approaches that in a modest nuclear explosion. It is, indeed, a tribute to the redundancy of atomic bonding in solids that atomic organization is largely maintained during investigation. It was early recognized that biological solids were substantially affected; only recently has it been realized that the integrity of atomic-scale information from inorganic solids as well can be seriously compromised by the investigating electron. This contribution reviews the interaction modes which are relevant to the deterioration of specimens in a fast electron beam, outlines the mechanisms by which these interactions lead to irreversible alterations in structure, and assesses the rates at which these alterations proceed in the several instrumental configurations of the electron microscope represented by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), conventional transmission electron microscope (CTEM), and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Incidences of degradation are illustrated for investigation of several structural classes, and several palliative measures are described

Bond Strength of Direct and Indirect Bonded Brackets After Thermocycling

Thermocycling simulates the temperature dynamics in the oral environment. With direct bonding, thermocycling reduces the bond strength of orthodontic adhesives to tooth structure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strengths (SBS) of one direct and two indirect bonding methods/adhesives after thermocycling. Sixty human premolars were divided into three groups. Teeth in group 1 were bonded directly with Transbond XT. Teeth in group 2 were indirect bonded with Transbond XT/Sondhi Rapid Set, which is chemically cured. Teeth in group 3 were indirect bonded with Enlight LV/Orthosolo and light cured. Each sample was thermocycled between 5°C and 55°C for 500 cycles. Mean SBS in groups 1, 2, and 3 were not statistically significantly different (13.6 ± 2.9, 12.3 ± 3.0, and 11.6 ± 3.2 MPa, respectively; P \u3e .05). However, when these values were compared with the results of a previous study using the same protocol, but without thermocycling, the SBS was reduced significantly (P = .001). Weibull analysis further showed that group 3 had the lowest bonding survival rate at the minimum clinically acceptable bond-strength range. The Adhesive Remnant Index was also determined, and group 2 had a significantly (P \u3c .05) higher percentage of bond failures at the resin/enamel interface

A Comparison of Bond Strength Between Direct- and Indirect-bonding Methods

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength and the sites of bond failure for brackets bonded to teeth, using two indirect-bonding material protocols and a direct-bonding technique. Sixty extracted human premolars were collected and randomly divided into three groups. The direct-bonded group (group 1) used a light-cured adhesive and primer (Transbond XT). One indirect-bonded group (group 2) consisted of a chemical-cured primer (Sondhi Rapid Set) and light-cured adhesive (Transbond XT), whereas the other group (group 3) used a light-cured primer (Orthosolo) and adhesive (Enlight LV). Forty hours after bonding, the samples were debonded. Mean shear bond strengths were 16.27, 13.83, and 14.76 MPa for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. A one-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference in mean bond strength between groups (P = .21). Furthermore, a Weibull analysis showed all three groups tested provided over a 90% survival rate at normal masticatory and orthodontic force levels. For each tooth, an Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) score was determined. Group 2 was found to have a significantly lower ARI score (P \u3c .05) compared with groups 1 and 3. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients indicated no strong correlation between bond strength and ARI score within or across all groups

Gut anatomy and Ph in a Red-Sea Surgeonfish, Acanthurus-nigrofuscus

ABSTRACT: Gut length, stomach pH and intestinal pH of the brown surgeonfish Acanthurus nigrofuscus change according to conditions of feeding or starvation, time of day, and presence or absence of intestinal protozoan symbionts. Relative gut length declines by 30 to 50 % during short periods of starvation (several hours to ca 2 d). Pyloric stomach pH exceeds that of the cardiac stomach during both daytime feeding periods and night-time resting periods. Fluids in the pyloric caecae are near-neutral(mean = pH 7.1), exhibit little variation in pH, and appear to buffer intestinal contents. Intestinal pH rises rapidly from the pyloric sphincter for approximately 35 % of total intestine length, after which pH drops almost a full pH unit. This decline in pH correlates with the presence of large numbers of protozoa, and disappears when the symbionts are liminated by starvation. The pattern of local differences in pH within the anterior and middle intestine changes during the night, when symbionts retreat to a bolus of food retained in the posterior intestine. Local differences and short-term changes in stomach or intestinal pH of herbivorous surgeonfishes may be due to several causes, but they caution against using spot checks of pH in stomach or intestine as indicators of gut physiology and indicate that we lack in-depth understanding of digestive processes in an ecologically important group of fishes

Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Developing Countries

The financing and management problems of many of the largest cities in developing countries have be­gun to attract the serious attention of economists. Several factors explain why these issues have been so long ignored: the traditional concerns of development economists have been macro growth models and the agricultural sector; the urban fiscal problem was small in relation to the financial problems of the central gov­ernment; aid donors dealt with central governments; the fiscal data of local governments were scanty; and troublesome local government issues seemed better left to administrative specialists. Things have changed, pri­marily because the fiscal problems of cities have become national concerns and because donors have recognized that the success of capital projects in urban areas is closely tied to the ability of local governments to meet recurrent cost obligations. This chapter addresses an increasingly important aspect of urbanization in developing countries--the problems and practices of urban government finances. It identifies and analyzes the most important pressures on local budgets, suggests major options for reforms, and sets out constraints on improvements. An important limitation to this effort is the inadequacy of comparable data, as reflected by the paucity of empirical support for these arguments